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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > The abdominal wall and the intestines > Flashcards

The abdominal wall and the intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the costal margin?

A
  • The lower edge of the thorax

- Formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage (ribs 7-10)

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2
Q

Where does the umbilicus lie?

A

Dermatome 10

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3
Q

Where is the trans-pyloric plane of the abdomen and what does it cross?

A
  • At the level of the 9th costal cartilage
  • At L1
  • Crosses the pyloric part of the stomach (where the stomach enters into the duodenum)
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4
Q

Where is the trans-tubercular plane of the abdomen and what does it cross?

A

At L5

Crosses the tubercule of the pelvis

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5
Q

What is the tubercule of the pelvis?

A
  • Prominent forward projecting part of the pelvis
  • Upper border of the medial portion
  • Where the inguinal ligament attaches to
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6
Q

Where are the imaginary vertical lines drawn from, which split the abdomen into its parts?

A

The mid-clavicular lines

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7
Q

What are the 2 imaginary horizontal lines which split the abdomen into its 9 regions?

A

Trans-pyloric plane

Trans-tubercular plane

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8
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen and where are they in relation to each other?

A

Umbilical – central region

Epigastric – Above the umbilical region and just below the sternum

Hypochondriac – Either side of the epigastric

Lumbar – Either side of the umbilical

Hypogastric – Below the umbilical

Iliac – either side of the hypogastric

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9
Q

Which region does the appendix lie?

A

In the RIGHT iliac region

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10
Q

What are the muscle layers of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominus

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11
Q

Where do the external oblique muscles originate and where do they connect to?

  • Which direction do they travel?
A
  • 5th to 12th rib
  • Anterior iliac crest, linear alba, pubis
  • Travel down and medially
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12
Q

What do the external oblique muscles help the trunk to do?

A

Rotate (to the opposite side)

Both help to flex forwards

Bend (to that side)

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13
Q

What does the external oblique become inferiorly?

A

The inguinal ligament

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14
Q

Where do the internal oblique muscles originate and where do they connect to?

  • Which direction do they travel?
A
  • Inguinal ligament, iliac crest
  • Posteriorly to the lumbar fascia
  • To inferior border of ribs 9-12
  • Upwards and medially
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15
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominis?

A

Thoracic and pelvic stability

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16
Q

Where do the transverse abdominis arise from?

A
  • Ribs 7-12 (interdigtates with the diaphragm)

- Lumbar fascia posteriorly

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17
Q

Where is the insertion of the transverse abdominsis?

A

Linear alba and pubis

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18
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique muscles?

A
  • Flex trunk forwards

Each muscle:

  • Bend to the same side
  • Rotate front of abdomen to the same side
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19
Q

What is the origin of the rectus abdominis?

A

5-7 costal cartilages and xiphoid

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20
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus abdominis?

A

1inch into the pubis crest

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21
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • Flexes abdominal column

- Tenses anterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

What is the function of ALL of the abdominal muscles?

A

Compress abdominal contents

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23
Q

What happens to the aponeurosis of each muscle ABOVE the arcuate line?

A
  • External oblique and anterior internal oblique makes the anterior rectus sheath
  • Posterior internal oblique aponeurosis and the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis forms the posterior sheath
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24
Q

What happens to the aponeurosis of each muscle BELOW the arcuate line?

A
  • All aponeurosis pass infront of the rectus - forming the anterior sheath
  • Posterior sheath made of transversalis fascia and the peritoneum below this
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25
What is the arcuate line of Douglas?
Horizontal line - sets the boundary of the lower limit of posterior layer of recuts sheath
26
What is the aponeurosis of the muscle?
- Flattened sheet - Made of connective tissue and collagen - Envelope the muscle and connect them together
27
What does the peritoneum do?
Form the lining of the abdominal cavity
28
What is the greater omentum and where does it lie?
- Apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum, which hangs down in front of the stomach - Lies over the transverse colon and small intestine
29
What is the small intestine split into?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
30
Does the colon have vili?
No - has crypts
31
Where does most the absorption take place?
In the jeujunum of the small intestine
32
What is the shape of the duodenum?
- C shaped around the head of the pancreas | - 4 distinct sections
33
Where does the duodenum lie?
Adjacent to the stomach
34
What is the blood supply to the duodenum?
- Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the gastroduodenal artery) - Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the superior mesenteric artery)
35
What are PLICAE CIRCULARIS?
Large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine - has villi
36
Where does the jejunum lie in the body?
In the umbilical region
37
What are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
Ileum has thinner walls and a smaller diameter Ileum has more fat (mesentery) than the jejunum Ileum has more peyers patches Ileum is supplied by shorter and more numerous arcades of the mesenteric vessels (ileum 3-5 arcades. jejunum 1-2 arcades)
38
What does the ileum absorb?
Vitami B12
39
Where does the ileum lie?
In the suprapubic and pelvic region
40
What can be identified where the ileum joins to the caecum?
- Ileocecal fold - Appendix - Mesoappendix
41
What is the ileocaecal fold?
Fold of peritoneum
42
What is the ileocaecal junction?
Where the ileum meets the caecum of the large intestine
43
What is the ileo-caecal valve?
Spinchter muscle valve which separates the ileum from the caecum
44
What are the parts of the large intestine?
- Caecum - Ascending colon - Hepatic flexure - Transverse colon - Splenic flexure - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum - Anal canal
45
Where is the rectum located in the body?
Anterior to the 3rd segment of the sigmoid colon
46
Where does fluid get absorbed in the body?
In the colon
47
What are the aterial branches from the aorta?
- Celiac trunk - Supra renal - Renal - Superior mesenteric - Inferior mesenteric
48
What are the arterial branches from the celiac trunk and which direction do they travel?
- Left gastric (to the left) - Splenic (to the left) - Common hepatic (to the right)
49
What are the branches from the splenic artery?
- Short gastric | - Left gastroepiploic
50
What are the branches from the common hepatic?
- Propper hepatic | - Gastrodueodenal
51
What are the branches from the propper hepatic?
- Left and right hepatic | - Right gastric
52
Where does the cystic artery branch from?
The right hepatic artery
53
What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?
- Right gastroepiploic - Supraduodenal - Superior pancreaticoduodenal - Pre pancreatic
54
What are the branches from the superior mesenteric aretery?
- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal - Middle colic - Right colic - Jejunal arteries - Ileocolic
55
What are the branches from the inferior mesenteric artery
- Left colic - Superiror and inferior rectal arteries - Sigmoid
56
What are the branches from the ileocolic?
- Ileal arteris | - Appendicular arteries
57
What do the colic arteries supply?
The colon
58
What does the terminus of the abdominal aorta split into?
The right and left common iliac arteries
59
What do the right and left common iliac arteries split into?
Internal and external iliac arteries
60
What are the 3 main features of the large intestine?
1) Appendices epiploicae 2) Haustrations 3) Taenia coli
61
What are appendicies epiploicae?
Fatty tags
62
What are taenia coli and how do that cause haustrations to form?
- 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle - Shorter than the rest of the layers of the large intestine - When contract the cause the small bunches - haustrations
63
Which parts of the colon are completely peritonealised and which are attached directly to the posterior abdominal wall?
- Transverse colon and sigmoid - peritonealised | - Ascending and descending - attached to wall
64
Where does the the appendix arise from?
The posteriomedial aspect of the caecum
65
Where does the ceoliac axis arise from the aorta?
T12
66
Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from the aorta?
L1
67
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the aorta?
L3
68
What does the ileocolic artery supply?
- The terminal ileum - Caecum - Start of ascending colon
69
What does the right colic artery supply?
The ascending colon
70
What does the middle colic artery supply?
The transverse colon
71
What does the left colic artery supply?
The descending colon
72
Which structures are intraperitoneal?
Stomach Jejunum Ileum Transverse colon Liver Gallbladder
73
Which structures are RETROPERITONEAL?
- Pancreas - Duodenum - Ascending colon - Descending colon - Oesophagus - Rectum
74
Where does the blood supply for the oesophagus come from?
The coeliac trunk
75
What is Merckel's diverticulum and where is it found?
Remains of the embryonic vitello-intestinal duct - On the anti-mesenteric border of the bowel (small intestine) - 2ft away from the ileocaecal junction

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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