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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > REMEMBER!!! > Flashcards

REMEMBER!!! Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?

A

Origin: Pubic crest (1 inch)
Insertion: Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

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2
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

A

Depress the ribs
Compress the contents of the abdomen
Flex the trunk

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3
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?

A

Origin: Ribs 5-12
Insertion: Pubis, Iliac crest, linea alba

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4
Q

What does UNIateral contraction of the external oblique cause and how is this different to the internal oblique?

A

External - contralateral rotation (to the OPPOSITE side)

Internal - Ipsilateral rotation (to the SAME side)

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5
Q

What does BIlateral contraction of the internal/external obliques cause?

A

Flexion of the trunk

Compresses the internal organs

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6
Q

Why are the internal obliques and the transverse abdominals innervated by thoratic nerves AND lumbar nerves, but the external obliques are only innervated by the thoratic nerves?

A

Internal obliques and transverse abdominals originate from the lumbar fascia, whereas the external obliques dont

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7
Q

Which of the abdominal muscles create the inguinal ligament in its free edge?

A

The external oblique - with its aponuerosis

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8
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the internal obliques?

A

Origin - Lumbar fascia, Iliac crest and inguinal ligament

Insertion - Costal cartilage of lower 4 ribs, linear alba, pubic crest

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse abdominals?

A

Origin - Lumbar fascia, Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, ribs 5-12

Insertion - Linear alba, pubic crest

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10
Q

How are the fibres of the external obliques and the internal obliques different?

A

External - run medially and DOWNWARDS

Internal - Run medially and UPWARDS

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11
Q

Below the arcuate line, what makes up the posterior sheath of the rectus abdominals?

A

Transversalis fascia

Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the role of the peritoneum?

A

Anchor organs and provides support for movements

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13
Q

What is contained within the double layer of peritoneum?

A

Serous fluid

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum and what are they in contact with?

A

Visceral - organs

Parietal - abdominal cavity

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15
Q

What peritoneum makes the greater omentum?

A

Double layer fold of VISCERAL peritoneum

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16
Q

Which organs in the abdominal cavity have LESS motility?

A

Retroperitoneal organs:

Pancreas
Duodenum 
Ascending Colon 
Descending Colon 
Oesophagus 
Rectum 
Kideny and Adrenal glands
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17
Q

What does ‘retroperitoneal’ mean?

A

Organs are only covered by peritoneum on their anterior side

Their posterior side are in direct contact with the posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

What does ‘intraperitoneal’ mean?

A

These organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum

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19
Q

What is the ‘mesentery’ of the abdominal cavity?

‘mesentery propper’?

A

PERITONEAL FOLDS which connect the organs together and to the posterior abdominal wall

  • Mesentery propper is a fan shaped mesentery - connecting the Jejunum and Ileum to the posterior abdominal wall
  • Contains arteries and veins
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20
Q

What is the ‘rectus sheath’?

A

An envelope built by the aponeurosis of the LATERAL abdominal muscles

The rectus abdominals sit inside this envelope

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21
Q

What are ‘tendonous intersections’?

A

Fibrous horizontal strips along the rectus abdominals - where the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths are adhered together

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22
Q

What is the ‘linear alba’?

A

The band of fascia down the centre of the rectus abdominals

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23
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the celiac trunk?

A

T12

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24
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

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25
At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the renal arteries?
L1 (but directly below the superior mesenteric arteries)
26
At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the gonadal arteries?
L2
27
At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the inferior mesenteric arteries?
L3
28
At which level does the abdominal aorta branch into the left and right common iliac arteries?
L4
29
What else does the abdominal aorta branch into at the same point as the right and left common iliac arteries?
The median sacral artery
30
What does the internal iliac arteries branch into? What do these supply?
- Umbilical artery - supplies bladder - Vaginal and uterine artery - INTERNAL PUDENDAL artery - supplies the penis through the bulbourethral, deep and dorsal arteries
31
What is the major artery of the pelvis?
The INTERNAL iliac artery
32
What are the testicular and ovarian arteries a direct branch from?
The abdominal aorta at L2
33
Where does the right gastric artery branch from?
The proper hepatic artery
34
Going clockwise, what are the branches from the superior mesenteric artery?
Jejunal and ileal arteries Ileocolic artery Right colic Middle colic Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
35
Going clockwise, what are the branches from the inferior mesenteric artery?
Superior rectal Sigmoid Left colic
36
What is the marginal artery?
The connection between the superior and inferior mesenteric artery (along the transverse colon)
37
What does the ileocolic artery supply?
The terminal ileum The caceum The start of the ascending colon
38
What is Merckel's diverticulum?
Bulge of the ileum Remenant of the vitelline duct
39
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
Right and left HYPOCONDRIAC Epigastric Right and left LUMBAR Umbilical Right and left ILIAC Hypogastric
40
How many parts does the duodenum have?
``` 4 Superior Descending Inferior Ascending ```
41
What is the blood supply to the duodenum?
From the pancreaticoduodenal | superior from gastrodueodenal artery (inferior from superior pancreaticoduodenal)
42
What lies in the C of the duodenum?
The head of the pancreas
43
Where in the small intestine does most of the absorption of food take place?
In the jejunum
44
What is not absorbed in the jejunum?
Vitamin B12 - absorbed in the ileum instead
45
What are the order of the parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
46
Out of the jejunum and the ileum, which: Has more fat (mesentery)? Has thinner walls? Has a smaller diameter? Has longer arteries? Has less arcades? Is pink colour in colour? Has plicae circularis? Lies in the hypogastric region and pelvis? Lies in the umbilical region? More peyers patches?
More fat - ileum Thinner walls - ileum Smaller diameter - ileum Longer arteries - jejunum Less arcardes - jejunum Pink in colour - ileum Plicae circularis - jejunum Hypogastric region and pelvis - ileum Umbilical region - jejunum Payers patches - ileum
47
What are plicae circularis?
Projections into the lumen of the jejunum with microvilli - for absorption
48
Where does the caecum lie?
In the left iliac region
49
Where is the appendix positioned?
1 inch below the ileocaecal valve (where the ileum joins the caecum)
50
Where does the absorption of water take place?
In the colon
51
What are the parts of the small intestine?
- Caecum - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid - Rectum - Anal canal
52
What characterises the large intestine?
1) Appendagitis epiploica (fatty tage) 2) Taenia coli (2 bands of longitudinal muscle) 3) Haustrations - caused by the contraction of the taenia coli
53
What lies posteriorly to the right lobe of the liver? (in order)
Hepatic flexure of the colon Duodenum Right kidney and adrenal gland Diaphragm Ribs
54
What lies posteriorly to the stomach? (in order)
``` Transverse colon Pancreas Superior mesenteric vessels and splenic artery Part of duodenum and jejunum SPLEEN (far laterally) ``` Left kidney and adrenal gland Diaphragm Ribs
55
What is the relation with the spleen and the kidney/adrenal gland?
The adrenal gland is medial and slightly posterior to the spleen
56
What is the anterior relation of the spleen?
STOMACH
57
What are the posterior relations to the spleen?
Left lung | Ribs
58
What is inferior to the spleen?
Splenic flexure of the colon
59
What are the ANTERIOR relations to the left kidney?
``` Stomach Pancreas Duodenum Spleen Splenic flexure ```
60
What are the ANTERIOR relations of the stomach?
Left costal margin | Left lobe of the liver
61
What are the relations to the spleen?
Head: Sits in the C of the duodenum Body: Anterior - stomach Posterior - Inferior vena cava, aorta, superior mesenteric vessels, left kidney and adrenal gland Tail: Medial to spleen
62
What is the uncinate process of the spleen?
Hooks onto the superior mesenteric vessels as the travel from behind the spleen to in-front of the duodenum
63
What is the better sphincter in the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter
64
Which region does the stomach lie?
Left hypochondriac
65
What does the rugae do in the stomach?
Form a channel which directs food to the pyloric sphincter - allows expansion
66
What is the oblique layer of the stomach?
An extra layer of muscle compared to the small intestine
67
What does the spleen do?
Filters blood as part of the immune system Recycles RBC Stores platelets
68
What are the relations of the common bile duct?
Anteriorly: pancreas, duodenum, stomach Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava
69
Which region does the spleen lie?
Left hypochondriac
70
What is macrostructure of the liver?
``` 4 lobes: Right Left Quadrate Caudate ``` Covered by Glistens capsule
71
What is the porta hepatis?
Hilum of the liver containing: - Hepatic artery propper - PORTAL vein - Common HEPATIC duct
72
What does the porta hepatis seperate?
The caudate and quadrate lobes
73
What is the difference between the PORTAL vein and the hepatic vein?
The portal vein lies in the porta hepatis and brings 75% of blood to the liver from the: - Spleen - Gall bladder and ducts - Pancreas - GI tract Blood is nutrient rich and is partially deoxygenated The HEPATIC vein: - Drains blood from the central vein in the liver and drains directly into the vena cava to the heart - Is deoxygenated
74
Where does the portal vein bring blood from?
Spleen GI tract Pancreas Gall bladder and ducts
75
What are sinosoids?
Channels in the liver which take blood from the triads to the central vein in a lobule
76
What is the microstructure of the liver?
Lobules which are hexagonal in shape and have a central vein - which drains into the hepatic vein and then the inferior vena cava At the periphery of the lobules, there are portal triads
77
What is contained in the portal triads of the lobules in the liver and where are they branches from?
1) Arteriole - branch from the hepatic artery 2) Venule - branch from the portal vein 3) Bile duct
78
What are hepatocytes?
Liver cells which make bile
79
In the liver, where does the bile travel?
1) From the hepatocytes to the bile duct in the portal triad 2) To the right and left hepatic ducts 3) To the common hepatic duct 4) Joined by the cystic duct - to make the common bile duct 5) Joined by the MAIN pancreatic duct - to form the ampulla of vater 6) Drains into the 2nd part of the duodenum through the duodenal papilla
80
What is the duodenal papilla guarded by?
The sphincter of Oddi
81
What are the roles of the liver?
1) Make bile | 2) Filter/detoxify blood
82
What is the coronary ligament of the liver?
Ligament of the liver which attached it to the diaphragm
83
What is the bare area of the liver?
The portion of the liver which is in direct contact with the diaphragm - surrounded by coronary ligament
84
What are the triangular ligament of the liver?
Where the anterior and posterior coronary ligaments come together
85
What is the falciform ligament of the liver?
Ligament which separates the right and left lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
86
What does the falciform ligament contain in its free edge and what is this?
The round ligament (ligamentum teres) | - A remnant of the umbilical vein
87
What does the umbilical vein do in the foetus?
Takes OXYGENATED blood from the placenta to the feotus
88
Where can the round ligament be seen from?
The anterior and posterior or the liver
89
What is the ligamentum venousum of the liver?
Remnant of the foetal ductus venosus
90
What is the function of the ductus venosus in the feotus?
Shunt OXYGENATED blood from the left umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to BYPASS the liver
91
Where can the ligamentum venosum be seen from? What does it separate?
The posterior of the liver - Separates the left lobe from the other lobes
92
What does the pancreas do?
Secrete 1% endocrine (hormones) | Secrete 99% exocrine (digestive enzymes - into the duct)
93
What is the venous drainage of the kidneys? Where do they empty?
Renal veins - empty directly into the inferior vena cava
94
In the abdomen, where does the inferior vena cava lie in relation to the abdominal aorta?
Slightly behind and to the right
95
Where are the supra renal glands positioned and what do they do?
Above the kidneys, medially Secrete CATACHOLAMINES into the blood
96
What is the macrostructure of the kidney?
1) Capsule 2) Cortex 3) Medulla - divided into pyramids and contain medullary rays 4) Minor calyx - at the bottom of the renal pyramids 5) Major calyx 6) Renal pelvis 7) Ureter 8) Hilum
97
What is the hilum of the kidney?
Where the ureter leaves
98
Where does blood enter the glomerulus from?
The afferent arteriole
99
What part of the kidnet microstructure is contained in the medulla?
Loop of henle and collecting duct
100
What are the sections of the stomach?
Cardia Fundus Body Antrum Pylorus

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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