Textbook definitions for chapter 7 Flashcards
What is learning?
the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring info or behaviours
How many days does it take to form a habit?
66
What are the two forms of learning associations?
classical and operant condition
What is associative learning?
learning that certain events occur together
What is cognitive learning?
the acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, or language
What is a neutral stimuli?
stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
What is an unconditioned response?
unlearned, naturally occuring response to an unconditioned stimulus ( food in the mouth)
What is a conditioned response?
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
What is aquisition? (answer for classical and operant conditioning)
classical: when the NS and US become linked, so the NS starts to trigger the CR
Operant: strengthening of reinforced response
What is higher-order conditioning?
Procedure where the CS is paired with a NEW NS, creating a second, weaker CS
What is extinction?
diminishing of CR
If the aroma of baking a cake makes your mouth water, what is the US, CS, and CR?
US: the cake
CS: the aroma of a baking cake
CR: mouth watering to the aroma of a baking cake
What is generalization? Give def for classical + operant
classical: tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar response
Operant: Response learned in one situation occurs in other similar situation
What is discrimination? Give def for classical + operant
classical: learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimuli
operant: ability to distinguish between responses that are reinforced, and responses that are not reinforced
US: loud noise
UR:
NS:
CS:
CR:
what is the law of effect?
behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely
what is an operant chamber/skinner box?
box with a key that an animal can press to get food/water
what is shaping?
procedure where reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
What is instinctive drift?
the tendency of learned behaviour to gradually revert back to biological tendencies
What is a cognitive map?
a mental representation of the layout of someone’s environment
What is latent learning?
learning that isn’t apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when we perform certain actions or watch others perform actions
- allow for empathy and imitation
primary reinforcer and conditioned reinforcer
primary– innately reinforced stimulus, satisfies biological need
conditioned– a stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing every single time the behaviour occurs
