Lecture 7

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

process of acquiring new info/behaviours through experience

Question 2

What is another term to describe classical and operant conditioning

Answer 2

classical– pairing
Operant– shaping

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

type of learning
- one learns to link two or more stimuli with events

Question 4

What was Pavlov’s original profession? How did he first demonstrate conditioning?

Answer 4

doctor
- getting a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell ringing

Question 5

What is the US?

Answer 5

stimulus that unconditionally– naturally and automatically– triggers an unconditioned response

Question 6

What is the UR?

Answer 6

naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

What is the CR?

Answer 7

learned response to the previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Question 8

What is the CS?

Answer 8

An originally irrelevant neutral stimulus that, after association with US, comes to trigger a CR

Question 9

What is the NS?

Answer 9

stimulus that does not trigger any response

Question 10

What is generalization?

Answer 10

tendency, post conditioning, for a stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

Question 11

What is extinguishing/associative learning?

Answer 11

learning that the bad association doesn’t happen after the feared stimulus
- paired feared stimulus with a good outcome or a relaxation technique

Question 11

Is classical conditioning automatic or conscious?

Answer 11

automatic

Question 12

What is reinforcement? (operant conditioning)

Answer 12

any event/reward that strengthens behaviour

Question 14

what is thorndike’s law of effect?

Answer 14

principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely

Question 15

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

positive– add a desirable stimulus
negative– remove an adverse stimulus

Question 16

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Answer 16

paying more for premium streaming service– no more annoying ads

Question 17

What is positive punishment?

Answer 17

add an adverse stimulus (eg. physical punishment, doing extra chores for saying a bad word)

Question 18

What is negative punishment?

Answer 18

withdraw a rewarding stimulus (take away TV time)

Question 19

Why is physical punishment bad?

Answer 19

• children only learn to suppress behaviour in specific context
• physical punishment teaches fear
• can increase aggression

Question 20

What is positive punishment?

Answer 20

add adverse stimulus

Question 21

What is negative punishment?

Answer 21

withdraw rewarding stimulus

Question 22

What is observational learning? (aka vicarious reinforcement)

Answer 22

• learning without direct experience, by watching
• modeling: observing and imitating

Question 23

What is the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 23

children learn aggression by watching an adult beat up a bobo doll
- child exhibits aggression because they are already a bit mad because they are told they can’t play with the nice toys

Question 24

What is implicit motivation?

Answer 24

- enjoyment - comes from within - engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction and interest in the activity itself

Question 25

What is explicit motivation?

Answer 25

-rewards - engaging in an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment - more conscious

Question 26

What are the pros of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 26

- sustained behaviours - deeper learning - persist through challenges

Question 27

What are the pros/cons of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 27

pro: can produce helpful results short term cons: habits may not stick without reward, only the reward is valued, can undermine development of intrinsic motivation