Chapter 5 Flashcards
cross sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
Longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people over time
zygote
fertilized egg (conception-2 weeks old)
embryo
developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization- 2nd month
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens
agents such as chemicals that reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
FAS
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant persons’ heavy drinking
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
– babies gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, interest wanes and they look away sooner
schema
concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
sensorimotor stage
birth-2 years
- know the world through sensory/motor impressions
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
- learned at 8 months old
preoperational stage
2-6/7 years
- child learns to learn language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (like conservation)
conservation
mass and volume stay the same if liquid is transferred to a new object
egocentrism
preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
concrete operational
7-11 years
- children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational
12+ years
- people begin thinking in abstract concepts
scaffold
framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
theory of mind
peoples ideas about their own and others mental states
when do children learn that others may hold false beliefs?
3 -4 1/2 years
when do children experience stranger anxiety?
8 months of age
critical period
optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
basic trust
erik erikson:
- sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
