Chapter 5

Question 1

cross sectional study

Answer 1

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

Question 2

Longitudinal study

Answer 2

research that follows and retests the same people over time

Question 3

zygote

Answer 3

fertilized egg (conception-2 weeks old)

Question 4

embryo

Answer 4

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization- 2nd month

Question 5

fetus

Answer 5

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 6

teratogens

Answer 6

agents such as chemicals that reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 7

FAS

Answer 7

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant persons’ heavy drinking

Question 8

habituation

Answer 8

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
– babies gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, interest wanes and they look away sooner

Question 9

schema

Answer 9

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 11

accommodation

Answer 11

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

Question 12

sensorimotor stage

Answer 12

birth-2 years
- know the world through sensory/motor impressions

Question 13

object permanence

Answer 13

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
- learned at 8 months old

Question 14

preoperational stage

Answer 14

2-6/7 years
- child learns to learn language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (like conservation)

Question 15

conservation

Answer 15

mass and volume stay the same if liquid is transferred to a new object

Question 16

egocentrism

Answer 16

preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Question 17

concrete operational

Answer 17

7-11 years
- children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 18

formal operational

Answer 18

12+ years
- people begin thinking in abstract concepts

Question 19

scaffold

Answer 19

framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Question 20

theory of mind

Answer 20

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states

Question 21

when do children learn that others may hold false beliefs?

Answer 21

3 -4 1/2 years

Question 22

when do children experience stranger anxiety?

Answer 22

8 months of age

Question 23

critical period

Answer 23

optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Question 24

basic trust

Answer 24

erik erikson:
- sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 25

preconventional morality

Answer 25

• self interest
• obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Question 26

conventional morality

Answer 26

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Question 27

post-conventional morality

Answer 27

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Question 28

psychosocial development stage issue: infancy

Answer 28

trust vs. mistrust

Question 29

psychosocial development stage issue: toddlerhood

Answer 29

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 30

psychosocial development stage issue: preschool

Answer 30

initiative vs guilt

Question 31

psychosocial development stage issue: elementary

Answer 31

competence vs inferiority

Question 32

psychosocial development stage issue: adolescence

Answer 32

identity vs role confusion

Question 33

psychosocial development stage issue: young adulthood

Answer 33

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 34

psychosocial development stage issue: middle adulthood

Answer 34

generativity vs. stagnation

Question 35

psychosocial development stage issue: late adulthood

Answer 35

integrity vs. dispair