Lecture 3

Question 1

What is selective attention?

Answer 1

the ability to select certain stimuli in an environment, ignore distracting information

Question 2

What is bottom up/exogenous processing?

Answer 2

automatic capture

Question 3

What is top down/endogenous processing?

Answer 3

intentional control

Question 4

What is the dichotic listening task?

Answer 4

ignore one ear and repeat what you hear from the other ear
- participants have no idea what was said into the ear they’re told to ignore

Question 5

What is the cocktail party effect?

Answer 5

its like the dichotic listening task; but the participants name is said– this message was not filtered out

Question 6

What was Treisman’s finding about the cocktail party effect?

Answer 6

Meaning (in addition to physical characteristics) is also used to filter information
- a little bit of energy is spent on listening to the background

Question 7

What is inattentional blindness?

Answer 7

You don’t notice something that would stand out as odd (byproduct of selective attention)

Question 8

What are cognitive resources?

Answer 8

mental energy– everyone’s is limited

Question 9

What is cognitive load?

Answer 9

amount of cognitive resources needed to do task

Question 10

what is change blindness?

Answer 10

change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer doesn’t notice it

Question 11

What is consciousness?

Answer 11

awareness and experience of self and the environment

Question 12

What is dual processing?

Answer 12

mind has two tracks- information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious/unconscious tracks

Question 13

What are the two tracks in dual processing?

Answer 13

conscious (explicit)– processes occur with awareness, problem solving, naming objects

unconscious (implicit) – processes occur withOUT awareness, walking, acquiring phobias

Question 14

What is the pathway of seeing?

Answer 14

visual field–> nasal retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> primary visual cortex

Question 15

What is blindsight?

Answer 15

cortical blindness due to damage in the primary visual cortex

Question 16

What is spatial neglect?

Answer 16

unaware of one side of field of vision due to brain damage
- affects vision contralateral to the damage
- affects memory, can’t recognize own limbs fail to clean/groom one side of the body

Question 17

What is extinction (spatial neglect)?

Answer 17

failure to perceive stimuli opposite to the lesion when the stimuli is presented to both sides
- influenced by object type (good at knowing if the objects are different, bad at knowing that there are two things)

Question 18

What is Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 18

one object reaches awareness at a time, cannot localize an object in space, items seem to appear/dissapear

Question 19

What is Balint’s syndrome caused by?

Answer 19

bilateral damage to the posterior parietal cortex

Question 20

What is the definition of sleep?

Answer 20

an altered state of consciousness, distinct from a coma, anaesthesia, or hibernation
- brain is still 100% active, auditory cortex is still active

Question 21

What controls the circadian rhythm? what chemical regulates it?

Answer 21

superchiasmatic nucleus, part of the hypothalamus– controls melatonin production

Question 22

What is REM rebound?

Answer 22

return to more REM sleep after a period of less; you can skip the normal progression of phases and go right to REM

Question 23

What are the sleep phases?

Answer 23

phase 1/N1: light sleep
phase 2/N2: non REM/light
phase 3/4: deep sleep
REM: rapid eye movement, dream state

Question 24

Why do we sleep? (5)

Answer 24

need to protect (need to graze/bad at hiding), need to recuperate, supports growth, restore/rebuild memories, feeds creative thinking

Question 25

What sleep phase does sleep walking occur?

Answer 25

N3/4

Question 26

What sleep phase does sleep talking occur?

Answer 26

any phase, usually in transition to wakefulness

Question 27

Why do we dream? WMNSC

Answer 27

• satisfy Wishes
• file away Memories
• develop/preserve Neural pathways
• make sense of neural Static
• reflect Cognitive development

Question 28

What do drugs do?

Answer 28

alter states of consciousness

Question 29

what are examples of depressants?

Answer 29

alchohol, barbituates, opiates, narcotics

Question 30

What is a pyschoactive drug?

Answer 30

chemical in substance that alters perception

Question 31

what defines addiction?

Answer 31

compulsive cravings of drugs despite known harmful consequences

Question 32

When is drug use disorded?

Answer 32

• dont have control over how much of the substance is used
• interferes with relationships
• physiological withdrawal and tolerance

Question 33

What is attention?

Answer 33

state in which cognitive resources are focused on certain aspects of the environment rather than on others

Question 34

What were Broadbent’s findings from the dichotic listening task?

Answer 34

• participants filter out info based on physical characteristics
• everything else not processed, only what’s allowed to pass through the filter can

Question 35

What is extinction (spatial neglect)

Answer 35

failure to perceive stimuli contralateral to lesion, only when stimuli is simultaneously presented on the ipsilateral side

Question 36

What is line cancellation (spatial neglect)?

Answer 36

spatial neglect patients dissect lines on the right, middle and left of the page
- they dissect the line incorrectly on the left side

Question 38

What are examples of stimulants?

Answer 38

caffeine, nic, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, ecstasy

Question 39

What are exmaples of hallucinogens?

Answer 39

LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, marijuana

Question 40

What is the function of depressants?

Answer 40

calm neural activity and slow bodily functions

Question 41

What are the functions of depressants?

Answer 41

slows neural processing, sedation, relaxation, disinhibition

Question 42

What are the after effects of depressants?

Answer 42

depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

Question 43

What are the effects of a high dose of opiates?

Answer 43

sedation, low body
temperature and blood pressure,
pupil constriction, depressed
respiration (lung failure - cause of
overdose)

Question 44

What are the effects of a medium dose of opiates?

Answer 44

euphoric rush (can
be dysphoric in some), nausea

Question 45

What are the effects of a low dose of opiates?

Answer 45

pain relief, drowsiness, low concentration and sensitivity

Question 46

What are some signs of opiate withdrawal?

Answer 46

pain, irritability, panting, dysphoria, restlessness, insomnia

Question 47

What is methadone?

Answer 47

prevents craving/withdrawal symptoms, doesn’t reduce daily functioning like heroin, still get high but no euphoria

Question 48

What are the pros and cons of stimulants?

Answer 48

• pleasure, euphoria, confidence
• cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, crash of agitated depression 15-30 minutes post

Question 49

What class of drug is nicotine? What are the pros/cons?

Answer 49

stimulant
- Signals the central nervous system to release a flood of neurotransmitters
* Diminishes appetite, boosts alertness and mental efficiency, calms anxiety, and reduces sensitivity to
pain
-

Question 50

What factors affect DISORDERED drug use?

Answer 50

bio: genetic predispositions, variations in neurotransmitter systems
psycho: lack purpose, stress, depression
socio-cultural: difficult environment, cultural acceptance, peer influences