textbook Flashcards
A way of thinking or feeling about something
His a______ to work is very positive.
Attitude to
/ˈæt.ɪ.tjuːd tuː/
Seems to be in a certain state
She a______ tired after the long journey.
Appears + adj
/əˈpɪəz + ˈædʒ.ɪk.tɪv/
Favoring traditional views; cautious
She comes from a c_____ family that values traditions.
Some people have c______ opinions about social changes.
Conservative
/kənˈsɜː.və.tɪv/
Usual or traditional
It is c______ to shake hands when greeting someone.
Customary
/ˈkʌs.tə.mə.ri/
Not advanced; behind in development
The technology in some rural areas is still quite b______.
Backward
/ˈbæk.wəd/
Favoring change and improvement
She holds p______ views on education.
Progressive
/prəˈɡrɛs.ɪv/
One more of the same kind
Can I have a______ cup of coffee?
Another + n sing.
The state of being healthy
Exercise is essential for overall w______.
Wellness
/ˈwɛl.nəs/
To examine closely
The manager s______ the report for errors.
Scrutinize
/ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/
To look at something carefully
The mechanic i______ the car for problems.
Inspect
/ɪnˈspɛkt/
To read or examine carefully
She p______ the contract before signing it.
Peruse
/pəˈruːz/
To consider carefully before making a decision
You should w______ the pros and cons before deciding.
Weigh
/weɪ/
Identified a disease or condition
He was d______ with asthma last year.
Diagnosed
/ˈdaɪ.əɡ.nəʊzd/
Likely to suffer from something
He is “p______ to” getting colds in the winter.
Prone to
/prəʊn tuː/
A disease affecting blood sugar levels
Many people manage d______ with diet and medication.
Diabetes
/ˌdaɪ.əˈbiː.tiːz/
Providing necessary nutrients
Fruits and vegetables are highly n______.
Nutritious
/njuˈtrɪʃ.əs/
Advisable or recommended
It “would be w______ to” save money for emergencies.
Would be wise to
Not related or important
His comment was i______ to the discussion.
Irrelevant
/ɪˈrɛl.ə.vənt/
Absolutely necessary
Water is e______ for survival.
Essential
/ɪˈsɛn.ʃəl/
A goal or purpose
His main o______ is to finish the project on time.
Objective (n)
/əbˈdʒɛk.tɪv/
Large in amount or importance
The company made a s______ profit last year.
Substantial
/səbˈstæn.ʃəl/
a booked arrangement
I made a r______ at the hotel.
Reservation
/ˌrɛz.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
Agreement or permission
The manager gave his a______ for the new policy.
Approval
/əˈpruː.vəl/
Uncertainty or lack of confidence
She had d______ about his honesty.
Doubt
/daʊt/
Intense excitement or interest
She spoke about her project with great e______.
Enthusiasm
/ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz.əm/
To set up or create
The company was e______ in 1995.
Establish
/ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
Skilled in handling negotiations
He gave a d______ response to avoid conflict.
Diplomatic
/ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk/
A significant event or achievement
Graduation is a major m______ in life.
Milestone
/ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/
The process of attaining a position or right
The king’s a______ to the throne was celebrated.
Accession
/əkˈsɛʃ.ən/
The ability to enter or use something
I need a______ to the database.
You can a______ the files online.
Access n/v
/ˈæk.sɛs/
Wider or more general
We need to take a b______ view of the issue.
Broader
/ˈbrɔː.dər/
A field or domain of activity
She is well-known in the r______ of science.
Realm
/rɛlm/
A plan or strategy to achieve something
The government launched an environmental i______.
Initiative
/ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
To actively begin doing something
He took the i______ to start a recycling program.
Take initiatives to do sth
/ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
The beginning of something
The company has grown a lot since its i______.
Inception
/ɪnˈsɛp.ʃən/
To separate from others
The patient was i______ to prevent the spread of disease.
Isolate
/ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/
Only; just
He was m______ joking when he made that comment.
Merely
/ˈmɪə.li/
Serious thought; mirror image
His book is a r______ of his experiences.
Reflection
/rɪˈflɛk.ʃən/
A strong desire to achieve something
She has a______ to become a doctor.
Aspiration
/ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən/
To interact or get involved with someone
The teacher encouraged students to e______ the lesson.
Engage with sb
/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ wɪð/
To discuss st to reach an agreement
They n______ a fair contract for both parties.
Negotiate
/nɪˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
To be skilled or knowledgeable in something
She has a strong c______ of French.
Have a command of
/kəˈmɑːnd/
Who or what someone is
Cultural i______ is important to many people.
Identity
/aɪˈdɛn.tɪ.ti/
Connection or consistency with something
The new policy ensures c______ with past traditions.
Continuity with sth
/ˌkɒn.tɪˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/
Something that makes one feel proud
His achievements are a “souce of p______” for the whole family.
Source of pride
/sɔːs ʌv praɪd/
Wealth or luck
He made a f______ in the stock market.
Fortune
/ˈfɔː.tʃuːn/
The state of being successful or wealthy
Economic p______ leads to a better quality of life.
Prosperity
/prɒsˈpɛr.ɪ.ti/
Successful and wealthy
They live in a p______ neighborhood.
Prosperous
/ˈprɒs.pər.əs/
Essential; very important
Honesty is a f______ value in any relationship.
Fundamental
/ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
A moral or legal entitlement
Everyone has the r______ to free speech.
Right
/raɪt/
To speed up
The company wants to a______ the development of new technology.
Accelerate
/əkˈsɛl.ə.reɪt/
A disruption in nature, like storms or earthquakes
Wildfires are a “natural d______” that affects forests.
Natural disturbance
/dɪsˈtɜː.bəns/
A large number of unwanted insects or animals
The house had an i______ of termites.
Infestation
/ˌɪn.fɛsˈteɪ.ʃən/
The process of strengthening soil
Trees help with “soil s______” and prevent erosion.
Soil stabilisation
/sɔɪl ˌsteɪ.bɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
To deal with a problem
The government needs to “a______ the issue” of pollution.
Address the issue
Related to genes and heredity
Scientists study g______ factors in diseases.
Genetic
/dʒɪˈnɛt.ɪk/
Places where young plants are grown
The farm has large n______ for tree saplings.
Nurseries
/ˈnɜː.sər.iz/
A young plant
They planted 100 tree s______ in the park.
Seedling
/ˈsiːd.lɪŋ/
To remove or take out
The dentist e______ the damaged tooth.
Extract
/ɪkˈstrækt/
A part of something
Water is a key c______ of the human body.
Component
/kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/
before
The meeting will be held “a______ of” lunch.
She walked “a______ of” me.
ahead of
/ˈfɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ - əˈhɛd ʌv/
Helping something grow or develop
She has a n______ personality, always caring for others.
Nurturing
/ˈnɜː.tʃər.ɪŋ/
Able to recover quickly
Children are often very r______ to changes.
Resilient
/rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt/
Concentrated work towards a goal
“a f______ effort” is needed to complete the project on time.
A focused effort
/ə ˈfəʊ.kəst ˈɛf.ət/
Size or level of something
The company is expanding on a global s______.
Scale
/skeɪl/
Suitable or proper
It is important to wear a______ clothing for the weather.
Appropriate
/əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/
Independent groups that work for social causes
Many “n______ organizations” provide aid to developing countries.
Nongovernmental organizations NGOs
/ˌnɒnˌɡʌv.ənˈmɛn.təl/
To expect or predict
We a______ an increase in sales next year.
Anticipate
/ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
To express strong disapproval
People p______ against the new law.
Protest
/ˈprəʊ.tɛst/
To pause or be uncertain before acting
He h______ before answering the question.
Hesitate
/ˈhɛz.ɪ.teɪt/
To stay in a place or condition
He r______ silent during the meeting.
Remain (v)
/rɪˈmeɪn/
Time is almost over
We must act now—”the sands are r______ out”.
The sands are running out
A very small amount compared to what is needed
One donation is just “a d______ in the ocean” of poverty.
A drop in the ocean
Things meant to be used once and thrown away
Plastic straws are “d______ items” harming the environment.
Disposable items
/dɪˈspəʊ.zə.bəl/
A method that is fair and reasonable
We should manage our resources in “a b______ way”.
A balanced way
/ˈbæl.ənst/
Unnecessary loss or waste
There is a lot of food w______ in restaurants.
Wastage
/ˈweɪ.stɪdʒ/
To have a negative impact on something
Pollution can “a______ affect” human health.
Adversely affect
/ˈæd.vɜːs.li əˈfɛkt/
To use up completely; to tire out
The factory e______ natural resources quickly.
Exhaust
/ɪɡˈzɔːst/
Equal in value, amount, or meaning
A mile “is e______ to” 1.6 kilometers.
be equivalent to
/ɪˈkwɪv.əl.ənt/
To make up a certain percentage of something
Women “a______ for” 40% of the workforce.
Account for
/əˈkaʊnt fɔː/
A number; a person’s shape or a notable person
The unemployment f______ rose last month.
Figure
/ˈfɪɡ.jʊər/
To allow or give official permission
The school p______ students to use calculators.
Permit
/pəˈmɪt/ v, /ˈpɜː.mɪt/ n
To communicate or work with someone
Children need to i______ with their peers.
Interact
/ˌɪn.təˈrækt/
First conditional real present/future
______, we will stay inside.
If S + Vs/es sth
—
Second conditional hypothetical present/future
______, I would travel the world.
If S + V2/ed
—
Third conditional hypothetical past
______, she would have passed.
If S + had V3/ed
—
To take up or accept an idea, practice, or method
The company a______ a new policy.
Adopt
/əˈdɒpt/
To adjust to new conditions
Animals a______ to their environment.
Adapt
/əˈdæpt/
To fasten or connect
He t______ his shoelaces.
Tie
/taɪ/
Very advanced and modern
This company develops c______ technology.
Cutting-edge
/ˈkʌt.ɪŋ ɛdʒ/
To overstate something
He e______ the size of the fish he caught.
Exaggerate
/ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/
Doubtful or not easily convinced
She is s______ about the new diet trend.
Skeptical
/ˈskɛp.tɪ.kəl/
An observable event or fact
The Northern Lights are a natural p______.
Phenomenon
/fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
Having a great influence or effect
Climate change has f______ consequences.
Far-reaching
/ˌfɑː ˈriː.tʃɪŋ/
To watch or notice something
Scientists o______ changes in the climate.
Observe
/əbˈzɜːv/
Not severe or strong
He has a m______ headache.
Mild
/maɪld/
To reduce the severity of something
New laws help m______ pollution.
Mitigate
/ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/
In a usual or traditional way
The house was c______ built with bricks.
Conventionally
/kənˈvɛn.ʃən.əl.i/
The rise in prices over time
I______ makes goods more expensive.
Inflation
/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/
Constant; stable - The quality of being steady
She has a s______ job.
His s______ is admirable.
Steady - Steadiness
/ˈstɛd.i/ - /ˈstɛd.i.nəs/
A network for electricity distribution
The country upgraded its “power g______”.
Power grid
/ˈpaʊ.ər ɡrɪd/
To combine into a whole
The school i______ technology into teaching.
Integrate
/ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/
A fortress of historical importance
The “i______ citadel” of Thang Long is in Vietnam.
Imperial Citadel
/ɪmˈpɪə.ri.əl ˈsɪt.ə.dɛl/
A group of states under one ruler
The Roman e______ was vast.
Empire
/ˈɛm.paɪər/
A male ruler of an empire
Napoleon was a famous e______.
Emperor
/ˈɛm.pər.ər/
An ancient object from the past
The museum has r______ from ancient Egypt.
Relic
/ˈrɛl.ɪk/
Digging to uncover historical artifacts
The e______ revealed ancient tools.
Excavation
/ˌɛks.kəˈveɪ.ʃən/
Related to Earth’s physical structure
The area has unique g______ formations.
Geological
/ˌdʒiː.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Related to location and landscape
The g______ features of the region vary.
Geographical
/ˌdʒiː.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl/
To show religious devotion
People w______ in temples and churches.
Worship
/ˈwɜː.ʃɪp/
A skilled worker making handmade items
The c______ made a beautiful wooden chair.
Craftsman
/ˈkrɑːfts.mən/
A worker skilled in a trade
The a______ sold handmade pottery.
Artisan
/ˈɑː.tɪ.zən/
A burial place
The pharaoh’s t______ was discovered intact.
Tomb
/tuːm/
Visually attractive, like a picture
The village is p______ with its old houses.
Picturesque
/ˌpɪk.tʃərˈɛsk/
To fail to take care of something
The house fell into ruin due to n______.
Neglect
/nɪˈɡlɛkt/
To bring back to original condition
The government plans to r______ the old castle.
Restore
/rɪˈstɔːr/
Something that draws interest
The Eiffel Tower is a popular tourist a______.
Attraction
/əˈtræk.ʃən/
The quality of being appealing
Her a______ goes beyond physical beauty.
Attractiveness
/əˈtræk.tɪv.nəs/
Undamaged; in one piece
The ancient temple remains i______ after the earthquake.
Intact
/ɪnˈtækt/
To destroy completely
The old building was d______ to make space for a mall.
Demolish
/dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
Limited or not easily available
Water is s______ in the desert.
Scarce
/skeəs/
To put into action
The company i______ new safety regulations.
Implement
/ˈɪm.plɪ.mənt/
Meant to be kept secret
The documents contain c______ information.
Confidential
/ˌkɒn.fɪˈdɛn.ʃəl/
Unwilling or slow to do something
He was r______ to answer the difficult question.
Reluctant / Hesitant
/rɪˈlʌk.tənt/ /ˈhɛz.ɪ.tənt/
Able to make decisions quickly
A good leader must be d______ in tough situations.
Decisive
/dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv/
To be persistent in achieving something
She was d______ in pursuing her dreams.
Determine / Tenacious
/dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ /təˈneɪ.ʃəs/
To require or force sb to do st
Employers are o______ to provide safe working conditions.
Obligate
/ˈɒb.lɪ.ɡeɪt/
Control over one’s actions or emotions
She showed self-r______ by not arguing back.
Self-restraint
/ˌsɛlf rɪˈstreɪnt/
Confidence in one’s worth
Building self-e______ is important for success.
Self-esteem
/ˌsɛlf ɪˈstiːm/
Having an exaggerated sense of self-importance
He was too a______ to admit his mistake.
Arrogant
/ˈær.ə.ɡənt/
Modest; not proud
Despite his success, he remained h______.
Humble
/ˈhʌm.bəl/
Higher in rank, quality, or importance
This product is s______ to the others.
Superior
/suːˈpɪə.ri.ər/
A certificate for completing a course of study
She received her d______ in business management.
Diploma
/dɪˈpləʊ.mə/
Concerned with helping people
The h______ organization provides aid to refugees.
Humanitarian
/hjuːˌmæn.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/
Dependent on st or sb
Children are r______ on their parents for support.
Reliant
/rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/
