IELTS 18 Reading T4 Flashcards
Rich, abundant, and flourishing in greenery.
The garden was filled with l_____ plants.
Lush
/lʌʃ/
Leaves or greenery of plants.
The tropical f_______ was dense and green.
Foliage
/ˈfoʊliɪdʒ/
Officials or governing body of a city.
The “city a____” planned the new park.
City authorities
/ɔːˈθɒrəti/
Putting resources, like money or time, into something for future benefit.
She’s i_________ in real estate.
Investing
/ɪnˈvɛstɪŋ/
Attracted or interested in something.
Many are d_____ to the new art exhibit.
Drawn to
Reducing the severity of something.
Planting trees can help in m________ climate change.
Mitigating
/ˈmɪtəˌɡeɪtɪŋ/
Confronting or dealing with a problem.
We are t_______ the issue of pollution.
Tackling
/ˈtækəlɪŋ/
The natural environment for plants or animals.
The forest is a h______ for many species.
Habitat
/ˈhæbɪˌtæt/
Drastic or extreme; revolutionary.
The new policy was a r______ change.
Radical
/ˈrædɪkəl/
Huge, large-scale, or very significant.
The new bridge was a m________ project.
Monumental
/ˌmɑnjuˈmɛntəl/
A large organization, often public, with a specific purpose.
The i_________ supports local artists.
Institution
/ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən/
Thinking ahead, proactive, or progressive.
She’s known for her f_________ ideas.
Forward-thinking
/ˈfɔrwərd ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
Helped establish a foundation for st.
Their work “p_____ the way” for future innovations.
Paved the way
/peɪvd/
To combine with or become part of st.
The new building will “i_______ with” the park’s design.
Integrate with
/ˈɪntɪˌɡreɪt/
Recommend or order st to use or take.
The doctor is p_________ rest for recovery.
Prescribe
/prɪˈskraɪb/
A mental health disorder causing prolonged sadness.
D________ affects many people worldwide.
Depression
/dɪˈprɛʃən/
Excessive body weight, often linked to health issues.
O______ can increase health risks.
Obesity
/oʊˈbisɪti/
Widely accepted or typical.
Green energy is becoming m__________.
Mainstream
/ˈmeɪnˌstrim/
A large variety or range of something.
The menu offers “a wide a___ of” options.
A wide array of
/əˈreɪ/
A social or political drive or change.
The environmental m____ is growing.
The women’s rights m____ has made significant strides over the past century.
Movement
/ˈmuvmənt/
To hand out or share something.
They d________ free food to the attendees.
Distribute
/dɪˈstrɪbjut/
Keeping something in good condition.
M________ the garden takes effort.
Maintaining
/meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ/
Adding or fitting new technology or systems to existing structures.
They “r________ - fit” old buildings for energy efficiency.
Retro-fit
/ˈrɛtroʊˌfɪt/
= normal
It’s the n____ for companies to offer online services.
Norm
To gain or obtain something.
He plans to a_______ new skills this year.
Acquire
/əˈkwaɪər/
Arranging outdoor spaces with plants and structures.
The l________ of the park is beautiful.
Landscaping
/ˈlændˌskeɪpɪŋ/
Rules or limits set to control something.
Building r__________ are common in cities.
Restrictions
/rɪˈstrɪkʃənz/
A disturbance or interruption.
Roadwork caused d_________ in traffic.
Disruption
/dɪsˈrʌpʃən/
A reason given to support or oppose something.
He made a strong a_________ for conservation.
Argument
/ˈɑrɡjəmənt/
Specialized knowledge or skill.
The team’s e_________ was in software design.
Expertise
/ˌɛkspərˈtiz/
A specific purpose or activity of an item or role.
The main f_______ of the app is to help users learn.
Function
/ˈfʌŋkʃən/
Variety of life in a particular environment.
B________ is important for ecosystem health.
Biodiversity
/ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜrsɪti/
Full of energy, bright, or lively.
The festival was v______ with color and excitement.
Vibrant
/ˈvaɪbrənt/
Copied or duplicated.
The design was r________ in several cities.
Replicated
/ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪtɪd/
Established or become firmly fixed.
The tradition has t_____ root in their culture.
Take root
Existing naturally or inborn.
She had an i________ ability to understand complex problems.
Innate
/ɪˈneɪt/
Replace or take the place of something.
Smartphones have s________ traditional cameras.
Supplant
/səˈplænt/
Tried or aimed to achieve something.
He s______ to improve his skills through practice.
Seek - sought - sought
/sɔːt/
Developing steadily
The disease is p_____ , meaning it worsens over time.
Regular feedback is essential for the p_____ development of students’ confidence and abilities.
Progressive
/prəˈɡrɛsɪv/
Open to or advocating new ideas or change.
Their p_____ mindset has helped the team stay ahead of industry trends.
She is known for her p______ ideas about environmental conservation.
Progressive
/prəˈɡrɛsɪv/
Rebel against authority or rules.
The citizens r________ against the unfair laws.
Revolt
/rɪˈvoʊlt/
A belief or idea, opinion
The n________ of equality is central to their philosophy.
Notion
/ˈnoʊʃən/
Existing as a natural or essential part.
Flexibility is i________ to good leadership.
Inherent
/ɪnˈhɪərənt/
Related to providing encouragement or inspiration.
The coach gave a m________ speech before the game.
Motivational
/ˌmoʊtɪˈveɪʃənl/
Formal talks to express ideas or motivate people.
The s________ inspired the audience to take action.
Speech(es)
/ˈspiːtʃɪz/
Persuade someone gently.
She was c________ him to try the new dish.
Coax
/ˈkoʊks/
A sign or signal of something.
The first i________ of spring is the blooming flowers.
Indication
/ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/
Gradually teach or implant a feeling or idea.
They i________ a love for reading in their children.
Instill
/ɪnˈstɪl/
Express admiration or approval.
The teacher p________ her for her hard work.
Praise
/preɪz/
A determined attempt or action.
The e________ to clean the park was successful.
Effort
/ˈɛfərt/
Happened later or as a result.
He won the match and s________ became the champion.
Subsequently
/ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/
Refers to the first of two things mentioned.
Between tea and coffee, I prefer “the f______”.
The former
/ˈfɔrmər/
Conclude based on evidence.
From the data, she i________ that sales would increase.
Infer
/ɪnˈfɜr/
Give special attention or importance to st
The speaker e________ the need for teamwork.
Emphasise
/ˈɛmfəsaɪz/
An obstacle or barrier to progress.
Fear of failure was an i________ to his success.
Impediment
/ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/
Put a plan or idea into action.
They are i________ new policies to improve efficiency.
Implement
/ˈɪmplɪˌmɛnt/
Conflict or lack of harmony.
There was a d________ between his words and actions.
Dissonance
/ˈdɪsənəns/
Show approval or express admiration.
The audience a________ loudly after the performance.
Applaud
/əˈplɔd/
Apart from or in addition to.
A________ from the main topic, the lecture covered current events.
Aside from
/əˈsaɪd frɒm/
Disapproval expressed by someone.
The film received c________ for its lack of originality.
Criticism
/ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm/
An expert in collecting and analyzing numerical data.
The s________ prepared a detailed report.
Statistician
/ˌstætɪˈstɪʃən/
Having no legal or binding force.
The contract was declared n____ due to errors.
Null
/nʌl/
Worthy of reward or recognition.
She did an excellent job and truly d_____ the promotion.
Everyone d_____ to be treated with kindness and respect.
Deserve
/dɪˈzɜrv/
= thanks
She received full c________ for her contributions.
Credit
/ˈkrɛdɪt/
Adjust or modify to suit a new situation.
She’s a_________ quickly to her new job.
Adapt
/əˈdæpt/
Not correctly understood.
His intentions were m_________ by the team.
Misunderstood
/ˌmɪsʌndərˈstʊd/
Incorrectly used or applied.
The tool was m_________ in this context.
Misapplied
/ˌmɪsəˈplaɪd/
Taken or used inappropriately.
Funds were m_________ for personal gain.
Misappropriated
/ˌmɪsəˈproʊpriˌeɪtɪd/
to combine or mix two or more things into one, often in a way that creates confusion.
People often c____ happiness with success, but they are not the same.
Conflate
/kənˈfleɪt/
Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities.
Her self-e____ grew after the performance.
Self-esteem
/ˌsɛlf ɪˈstiːm/
To show an image back or think deeply
The mirror r______ light onto the wall.
Meditation helps people r____ on their thoughts and emotions.
Reflect
/rɪˈflɛkt/
Delicate or not immediately obvious.
She gave a s______ hint about her plans.
Subtle
/ˈsʌtəl/
A person in the teenage years.
The a_________ struggled with balancing school and hobbies.
Adolescent
/ˌædəˈlɛsənt/
To become aware of or recognize.
He p_______ a slight change in her tone.
Perceive
/pərˈsiːv/
Communicate or express an idea.
The speaker is c_________ his message clearly.
Convey
/kənˈveɪ/
Meant or planned to achieve something.
The gift was i________ to make her feel appreciated.
Intended
/ɪnˈtɛndɪd/
A mutual connection or relationship between two things.
There’s a c_________ between diet and health.
Correlation
/ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃən/
How one sees or views oneself.
His s_____-perception improved after therapy.
Self-perception
/pərˈsɛpʃən/
Information or facts that support an argument.
There’s e_______ to prove his theory.
Evidence
/ˈɛvɪdəns/
In the opposite order or direction.
It’s not what you think; it’s “the o_____ way round”.
The other way round
Authentic or real.
Is the painting a g_____ Picasso?
Genuine
/ˈdʒɛnjuɪn/
Unclear or imprecise.
The instructions were v______ and hard to follow.
Vague
/veɪɡ/
Someone who supports or advocates for something.
He’s a p_________ of clean energy solutions.
Proponent
/prəˈpoʊnənt/
Seems or gives the impression of being.
The plan a_________ to be feasible on paper.
Appears to be
A disagreement or argument.
The d_______ over the issue lasted for hours.
Dispute
/dɪˈspjuːt/
To associate or assign a cause or quality to something.
She a________ her success to hard work.
Attribute
/əˈtrɪbjut/
Unexpectedly contradictory.
P__________, his criticism was meant to help her.
Paradoxically
/ˌpærəˈdɑksɪkli/
A strong desire or ambition to achieve something.
Her a________ is to become a renowned artist.
Aspiration
/ˌæspəˈreɪʃən/
to make sb believe st that is not true
He was d_______ into thinking the scam was real.
Delude
/dɪˈluːd/
Practical, specific abilities.
The course teaches c_________ skills like coding and analysis.
Concrete skills
/ˈkɒŋkriːt/
Truly, certainly, or in fact.
The dessert was delicious i______.
Indeed
/ɪnˈdiːd/
A system of thought or set of beliefs.
His p_________ emphasizes simplicity and balance.
Philosophy
/fəˈlɑsəfi/
The forced movement of people or things from their usual place.
The war led to mass d__________.
Displacement
/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/
Suggest or put forward for consideration.
The scientist p________ a new theory.
Propose
/prəˈpoʊz/
A prolonged public disagreement or debate.
His remarks on social media caused a storm of c_____.
There is ongoing c______ about the use of genetically modified foods.
Controversy
/ˈkɒntrəˌvɜrsi/
To assume or imagine something is true.
I s_______ he forgot about the meeting.
Suppose
/səˈpoʊz/
Exactly as stated; not metaphorically.
He l________ jumped out of his seat in excitement.
Literally
/ˈlɪtərəli/
Stay or continue to be in the same state.
She r________ calm despite the chaos.
Remain
/rɪˈmeɪn/
Believable or seemingly reasonable.
The explanation sounds p__________.
Plausible
/ˈplɔːzɪbəl/
Regard, admiration, or consideration.
He treated his elders with r_______.
Respect
/rɪˈspɛkt/
The scientific explanation for the development of species.
E________ theory is widely accepted in biology.
Evolutionary theory
/ˌɛvəˈluːʃənɛri ˈθɪəri/
Gradual development over time.
The e________ of technology has transformed society.
Evolution
/ˌɛvəˈluːʃən/
Future generations or offspring.
These traditions were passed on to their d_________.
Descendants
/dɪˈsɛndənts/
Fascinating or arousing curiosity.
The detective story was i________ from start to finish.
Intriguing
/ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ/
Chase or strive to achieve something.
He p________ a career in medicine.
Pursue
/pərˈsuː/
A teacher at a university or college.
The l________ explained complex topics clearly.
Lecturer
/ˈlɛktʃərər/
A journey undertaken for discovery or research.
The e________ explored uncharted lands.
Expedition
/ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃən/
A secondary or less important activity.
Writing became a s________ for her after she started teaching.
Sideline
/ˈsaɪdlaɪn/
For this reason; therefore.
He forgot his umbrella and t______ got wet.
Thus
/ðʌs/
Medical care or handling of a situation.
The t________ for the illness was effective.
Treatment
/ˈtriːtmənt/
Dedicated or committed to a purpose.
She d________ her life to helping others.
Devoted
/dɪˈvoʊtɪd/
The response or reaction to something.
The film received a warm r________ from critics.
Reception
/rɪˈsɛpʃən/
Causing public disagreement or debate.
The c________ topic divided the community.
Controversial
/ˌkɒntrəˈvɜrʃəl/
Clearly defined or exact.
The instructions were s________ to avoid confusion.
Specific
/spəˈsɪfɪk/
A sign or marker that provides direction.
The lighthouse served as a g________ for sailors.
Guidepost
/ˈɡaɪdˌpoʊst/
a list of names or topics that are referred to in a book
The book has an alphabetical i____ at the back for quick navigation.
Check the i____ to find information about the topic.
Index
/ˈɪndɛks/
A strong desire or push to do something.
He felt an u______ to speak up during the meeting.
Urge
/ɜrdʒ/
A break or disruption in continuity.
The speech was interrupted by an i__________.
Interruption
/ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃən/
Required or involved as a necessary part.
The job e________ long hours of hard work.
Entailed
/ɪnˈteɪld/
Similar or comparable in some ways.
The two processes run in p________ to each other.
Parallel
/ˈpærəˌlɛl/
Forming theories or guesses without firm evidence.
The s________ about alien life continues.
Speculation
/ˌspɛkjʊˈleɪʃən/
Expressing a strong opinion with certainty.
I am f_______ of the opinion that this plan will succeed.
I am firmly of the opinion that
Considering past events or situations.
R__________, I would have made a different choice.
Retrospectively
/ˌrɛtroʊˈspɛktɪvli/
A chance occurrence or coincidence.
By sheer h_________, they met at the cafe.
Happenstance
/ˈhæpənˌstæns/
A story or account of connected events.
The author wove an engaging n________ into the novel.
Narrative
/ˈnærətɪv/
A disagreement or argument.
The d________ over the policy continues to grow.
Dispute
/ˈdɪspjuːt/
Support or argue in favor of something.
She d________ her thesis in front of a panel.
Defend
/dɪˈfɛnd/
Simple, humble, or not extravagant.
He led a m_______ life in the countryside.
Modest
/ˈmɑdɪst/
Risky or dangerous.
Climbing the mountain was a h________ journey.
Hazardous
/ˈhæzərdəs/
Having a strong desire for success or achievement.
She is an a________ young entrepreneur.
Ambitious
/æmˈbɪʃəs/
To accept, take on, or implement something.
They a________ a new strategy to improve productivity.
Adopt
/əˈdɒpt/
The act of noticing or watching something carefully.
His o________ helped solve the mystery.
Observation
/ˌɒbzərˈveɪʃən/
Repeated or customary actions.
Their daily p________ include meditation and exercise.
Practices
/ˈpræktɪsɪz/
