IELTS 18 Reading T1 Flashcards
Urban farming
/ˈɜːbən/
Definition: The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.
Example: Urban farming initiatives aim to address food security and sustainability challenges in densely populated areas.
Aeroponics
/ˌeərəˈpɒnɪks/
A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water mist to deliver nutrients directly to the plant roots.
The aeroponic system allows for efficient nutrient delivery and promotes faster plant growth.
Attracting attention by reason of being unusual, extreme, or prominent.
Her s_____ beauty caught the attention of everyone in the room.
Striking
/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
In a way that is shining brilliantly; splendidly.
The strawberries are r__________ red, making them visually appealing.
Resplendently
/rɪˈsplendəntli/
In large quantities; plentifully.
The strawberries are growing a________ in the large plastic tubes.
Abundantly
/əˈbʌndəntli/
Requests for information or advice; questions.
We have received numerous e_______ regarding our holiday packages.
Enquiries
/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/
Intensive farming
Definition: A type of agriculture that involves the use of large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area, often characterized by high input of chemicals and machinery.
Example: Intensive farming techniques often result in higher yields but may have environmental consequences.
Having high moral qualities
Helping the poor is seen as a v____ act in many cultures.
Virtuous
/ˈvɜːtʃuəs/
No longer in use; abandoned or obsolete.
D_______ shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries.
Disused
The ability to maintain or support an ecological balance over the long term.
Many companies are adopting s_____ practices to reduce their carbon footprint.
Sustainability
/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/
to warn sb about the possible dangers or problems of st
She c_____ her friend not to trust the advertisement without verifying the facts.
He approached the wild animal with great c____.
Caution
/ˈkɔːʃn/
Growing or developing in a healthy or vigorous way.
The community garden is f_____ thanks to the hard work of dedicated volunteers.
Flourishing
/ˈflʌrɪʃ/
Without a doubt; certainly.
She is u____ the most talented singer in the group.
This discovery will u_____ change the course of history.
Undoubtedly
/ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/
Kept cool or preserved by refrigeration.
This medicine must stay r_____.
Refrigerated
/rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪt/
Businesses or individuals that buy and sell goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses.
In traditional supply chains, a significant portion of the price goes to w____ before reaching the consumers.
Wholesalers
/ˈhəʊlseɪlə(r)/
The optimal use of resources to achieve maximum output with minimal waste.
Soil-free farming methods are known for their “resource e______ “, using less water and electricity.
Resource Efficiency
right or appropriate for sb/st
This dress is perfectly s_____ for the occasion.
This method is better s_____ for beginners.
Suited
Bigger Picture
Definition: The overall perspective or larger context of a situation.
Example: Urban farming is part of a bigger picture that aims to bring food production closer to urban dwellers.
A group of animals or plants with common characteristics that distinguish them from other groups.
This b_____ of chicken is known for laying large eggs.
Breed
/briːd/
Extremely large in size, extent, degree, or amount.
The urban rooftop space is v_____ , covering 14,000 square meters.
Vast
To aim at or direct efforts toward a particular goal or objective.
The company plans to t_____ younger customers with their new product.
Target
A setting, occasion, or medium for exhibiting something or someone.
The event served as a s_____ for upcoming local bands.
The art gallery will s____ local artists’ work this weekend.
Showcase
Results or effects that follow as a natural outcome of certain actions or conditions.
Intensive farming practices have environmental c_____ , such as the generation of greenhouse gases.
Consequences
/ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/
Repurposed
Definition: Adapted or used for a new purpose or in a way different from the original.
Example: Disused shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries in urban areas.
Densely Populated
Definition: Having a high number of people in a given area relative to the available space.
Example: Urban farming is particularly relevant in densely populated cities where traditional agriculture may face challenges.
Pioneering, innovative, or representing a significant advance.
The rooftop farm is a g____ example of sustainable and efficient urban agriculture.
Groundbreaking
Standing out and attracting attention
~ noticeable
The rooftop farm is a p____ feature on the exhibition hall, visible from a distance.
Prominent
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
To use (land) for crops or gardening;
to foster the growth of st
Farmers c____ the land to grow crops each season.
The farmer works hard to c____ the crops.
We need to c____ a sense of teamwork among the students.
Cultivate
/ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
Closed loops or paths through which electrical currents or fluids can flow.
The soil-free farming system relies on a closed c_____ of pipes, towers, and trays for water circulation.
Circuit(s)
/ˈsɜːkɪt/
The amount of a crop produced in a given area; to produce or provide
Soil-free farming methods often achieve a high y____ of crops with less resource usage.
Yield
/jiːld/
The ability to withstand or oppose st;
the act of resisting.
Traditional crop varieties are selected for their r_____ to transportation, affecting their flavor.
Resistance
/rɪˈzɪstəns/
Limitation or restriction
Time c____ made it challenging to finish the work on schedule.
Constraint(s)
/kənˈstreɪnt/
~ possible, practical.
The company is looking for a v_____ solution to reduce production costs.
Viable
/ˈvaɪəbl/
To give new life, energy, or strength to st
~ to renew
Urban renewal projects aim to r____ inner-city neighborhoods and improve living conditions.
Revitalize
/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/
Most favorable or advantageous; best suited for a particular purpose.
Urban farmers strive to achieve o______ growing conditions for their crops.
Optimal
/ˈɒptɪməl/
Revolutionize
/ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/
Definition: To completely change or transform something; to bring about a radical shift.
Example: Soil-free farming has the potential to revolutionize urban agriculture by maximizing space and reducing environmental impact.
A cloud of tiny water droplets in the air, typically produced by water spray or condensation.
Aeroponic systems use a m_____ of nutrient-rich water to nourish plant roots.
Mist
Having an empty space or gap inside.
The old log was h___ , creating a perfect tunnel for small animals.
Hollow
/ˈhɒləʊ/
almost not
Produce grown using soil-free methods b_____ travels at all, as it is produced and sold locally.
Barely
ability
She has an incredible c____ for learning new languages.
His c_____ to remain calm under pressure is impressive.
Capacity
/kəˈpæsəti/
Having a pleasant and distinctive smell
~ fragrant
A____ herbs like basil, sage, and peppermint are cultivated in the soil-free system.
Aromatic
/ˌærəˈmætɪk/
To grow, emerge, or develop from a seed or bud.
Strawberries s____ abundantly from the large plastic tubes.
Sprout
/spraʊt/
Having meaning or importance; noteworthy.
Urban farming plays a s_____ role in addressing challenges to food supplies.
Significant
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/
Involving a trial or test to discover st new or gain experience.
The school’s e____ teaching methods include letting the children decide what to study.
Experimental
/ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/
Involving careful or deliberate choices based on specific criteria.
She is very s____ about the books she reads.
S______ breeding is common in farming to produce better crops.
Selective
/sɪˈlektɪv/
~ challenge, risk
Urban farming is explored as a solution to mitigate t____ to food supplies in cities.
Threat(s)
/θret/
> threat(s) to st
The amount of natural light that reaches a specific area.
Excessive “sunlight e____” increases the risk of skin cancer.
Sunlight Exposure
/ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/
having a strong, rich, or concentrated taste
The strawberries are small, resplendently red, and “i_____ flavored”.
intensely flavored
/ɪnˈtensli/
Identical
/aɪˈdentɪkl/
Definition: Exactly alike or the same in every detail; having a close resemblance.
Example: the identical vertical tubes house rows of lettuces
Being created
After months of research and development, the new vaccine is now “in p______ “.
in production
method, strategy
The therapist used an empathetic a_____ to make clients feel comfortable and understood.
approach
/əˈprəʊtʃ/
the ability to endure pressure, challenges, or adverse conditions
Her determination allowed her to w____ the pressures of the job.
The building was constructed to w_____ earthquakes.
withstand
/wɪðˈstænd/, /wɪθˈstænd/
rely on
Definition: depending on
Example: Produce grown using this soil-free method, on the other hand — which relies solely on a small quantity of water
only, just
This room is s____ for guests.
She s____ focused on her studies to achieve top grades.
solely
/ˈsəʊlli/
to set up or place the equipment
The city plans to i_____ more streetlights in the neighborhood for better safety.
install
/ɪnˈstɔːl/
roughly
/ˈrʌfli/
Definition: about
Example: The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost any flat surface and is cheap to buy: roughly €100 to €150 per square metre.
a part
It is cheap to run because it consumes just a tiny f____ of the electricity
fraction
/ˈfrækʃn/
the science or practice of farming
Organic a____ avoids synthetic pesticides and focuses on natural farming methods.
agriculture
/ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/
things that have been made or grown, especially things connected with farming
She prefers to buy locally grown p____ to support small farms.
produce
/ˈprɒdjuːs/
completely used
You cannot grow crops on e_____ land.
exhausted
/ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/
“a small piece
Several people were injured by flying ______ in the explosion.”
“shard: mảnh vụn
/ʃɑːd/
debris
/ˈdebriː/, /ˈdeɪbriː/, /dəˈbriː/
shrapnel
/ˈʃræpnəl/
fragment
/ˈfræɡmənt/”
”~ hit, bump, smash, crash, accident
The two cars were severely damaged in the head-on c_____.”
“collision
/kəˈlɪʒn/
> vụ va chạm”
”~ army
She served in the m____ for ten years.”
“military
/ˈmɪlətri/, /ˈmɪləteri/
> quân đội”
“cơ quan dân sự
c____ department”
“civil department
/ˈsɪvl/”
“doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job
> < professional
The a______ chef cooked a delicious meal. (a)
He’s just an a_____ , but he’s improving fast. (n)”
“amateur (a, n)
/ˈæmətə(r)/, /ˈæmətʃə(r)/
> (ng) nghiệp dư”
“suddenly and by a large amount
~ significantly, dramatically
Prices rose s______ last month.”
sharply (adv)
”~ implement, utilize, apply, use
The manager decided to d_____ additional staff for the event.”
“deploy
/dɪˈplɔɪ/
> triển khai, sử dụng”
“mạng lưới, chòm sao
thousands of large c______ of satellites”
“constellation
/ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/”
”~ hit
He s_____ the alarm clock when it woke him up too early.
The chef s____ the garlic cloves before adding them to the sauce.”
“smash
> đập nát”
”~ frighten, scare
The attacker t_____ them with a gun.”
“threaten (v)
/ˈθretn/
> đe doạ
> threat (n): mối đe dọa
/θret/”
“to spread over an area of land
~ extend
The traffic jam seemed to s_____ for miles.”
“stretch
> kéo dài”
“the height above sea level
We are flying at an a______ of 6,000 metres.”
“altitude
/ˈæltɪtjuːd/
> độ cao”
“used to give a total number or amount
You owe me £68 a_____ .”
“altogether
/ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə(r)/
> tổng cộng”
“a person or company that runs a particular business
The tour o_____ organized an unforgettable trip to the Grand Canyon.”
“operator
/ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)/
> công ty, nhà điều hành”
“to control the direction
He had to quickly s_____ the car away from the oncoming traffic.
Can you help me s_____ this project in the right direction?”
“steer
/stɪə(r)/
> lái
> steering wheel: vô lăng”
”~ possible
We have compiled a list of 10 p_____ candidates.
First we need to identify actual and p______ problems.”
“potential (a)
/pəˈtenʃl/
> tiềm năng (tích cực)
tiềm tàng (tiêu cực)
potential (n)
> She is a student with great potential.”
or else
I have to work late tonight; o_____ , I won’t meet the deadline.”
“otherwise
/ˈʌðəwaɪz/”
“rác vũ trụ
space j_____”
space junk
“to have existed since a particular time or for a particular period
The origins of this recipe “____ back to” the 18th century.”
go back to + the time
”~ period of time, age
We’re living in the digital e____, where technology evolves rapidly.”
“era
/ˈɪrə/, /ˈerə/
> thời kì”
”~ quickly, speedily
The fire spread r_____ through the forest.”
rapidly
“to carefully examine
Scientists will i____ the effects of the drug.”
“investigate
/ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/
> điều tra, tìm hiểu sâu”
”~ deal with, resolve, handle, tackle
Instead of avoiding it, let’s a____ the problem together.”
“attack
> giải quyết
> attack the problem”
“to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/st
~ evaluate
We need to a____ the situation before making any decisions.
The teacher will a____ your essay based on clarity and organization.”
“assess
/əˈses/
> đánh giá”
“bringing together different items in order to produce st
~ collect, gather
She will c____ the data into a report.”
“compile
/kəmˈpaɪl/
> tổng hợp”
”~ huge
The ship was truly m____ .
m____ data
His influence in the industry is m_____ .”
“massive
/ˈmæsɪv/”
“a thing or things that are owned by somebody
This building is government p_____ .”
“property
/ˈprɒpəti/
> tài sản”
”~ another option
The car is too expensive so we’re trying to find a cheaper a____.
The road was closed so we had to find an a______ route.”
“alternative (n, a)
/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/
> cái khác, cái thay thế”
“~create
Just a few uncontrolled space crashes could g_____ enough debris to set off a runaway cascade of fragments”
“generate
/ˈdʒenəreɪt/”
“a large amount of water (or st) falling or pouring down
The waterfall created a stunning c_____ of water.”
“cascade
/kæˈskeɪd/
> dòng thác, hàng loạt
> The protein can trigger a cascade of events that leads to heart failure.”
”~ make, cause
The new software can r_____ 3D images quickly.
Her performance r_____ the audience speechless.”
“render
/ˈrendə(r)/
> cho ra kết quả”
”~ watch, track, control
Each student’s progress is closely m_____ .”
“monitor
/ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/”
“a set of rules or instructions
Please follow the safety g_____ at all times.”
“guideline
/ˈɡaɪdlaɪn/
> hướng dẫn”
“allows air, gas or liquid to pass out
The steam v____ through the pipe.
She needed to v____ her frustrations after a long day.”
“vent
> xì ra”
“nguyên liệu đã bị nén
p_____ materials”
“pressurised materials
/ˈpreʃəraɪz/”
“that has not been eaten or used at the end of something
I’ll heat up the l_____ pizza for lunch.”
“leftover
> dư”
“to break into small parts or pieces and be destroyed
The sugar cube will d_____ when immersed in hot water.
Lack of communication can cause relationships to d_____ .”
“disintegrate
/dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
> tan rã, tan vỡ”
“to accept and act according to a law, an agreement, etc.
~ follow
We must “a_____ by” the rules of the game.”
“abide by st
/əˈbaɪd/
> tuân thủ”
”~ Until now
“So ____”, no one has been able to solve the puzzle.”
“so far
> cho tới giờ”
“a person whose responsibility it is to take care of something
~ administrator, manager, attendant
The flight s_____ attended to passengers’ needs.
Environmental s_____ protect our natural resources.”
“steward
/ˈstjuːəd/, /ˈstuːərd/
> phục vụ”
“a company or business
or a large project
They will be responsible stewards in their e____ in space”
“enterprise(s)
/ˈentəpraɪz/”
”~ plan, aim
I have no i_____ of going to the wedding.”
“intention
/ɪnˈtenʃn/
> ý định”
“without enough money to pay what you owe
The company went b_____ last year.”
“bankrupt
/ˈbæŋkrʌpt/
> phá sản
> go bankrupt”
”~ because of
G____ her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.”
given
”~ enormity, greatness
the v_____ of space”
“vastness
> sự rộng lớn”
”~ handle, attack, solve
He’s ready to t_____ any challenge that comes his way.”
“tackle
/ˈtækl/”
”~ accuracy, exactness
The surgeon operated with remarkable p_____ .”
“precision
/prɪˈsɪʒn/
> độ chính xác”
”~ accurately
He arrived p_____ at 9 o’clock.
The instructions were p_______ written.”
“precisely
/prɪˈsaɪsli/
> chính xác”
”~ ease, relieve, reduce, lessen
Drinking herbal tea can a_____ stress.”
alleviate
/əˈliːvieɪt/
> giảm
“a particular subject or activity that somebody works in or is interested in
~ area
All of them are experts in their chosen f____.”
“field
> mảng, lĩnh vực”
“xếp hàng
~ Queue /kjuː/
Please “l____ up” behind the red tape.”
line up
to follow the progress or development of sb/st
We’ll t____ your package and update you on its delivery.
She’s an expert at keeping t____ of expenses.”
“track
> theo dõi”
“in a way that does not change and continues for a period of time
~ steadily, continuously, constantly
The company has c_____ increased its profits.”
“consistently
/kənˈsɪstəntli/
> liên tục”
”~ Reliable, Trustworthy, Persuasive, Respected
The book provided an a_____ analysis of the subject.”
“authoritative
/ɔːˈθɒrətətɪv/
> được chứng nhận, đáng tin”
“list of items
Can you grab me a c_____ so I can browse the options?”
“catalogue
/ˈkætəlɒɡ/”
“to recognize sb/st
She was able to i____ her attacker.
It’s important to i_____ your strengths and weaknesses.”
“identify
> nhận dạng, định danh”
”~ show
The database draws a purple line to d_____ its orbit”
“designate
/ˈdezɪɡneɪt/”
“kết nối
~ link, connection
c____-correlate”
“cross-correlate
/ˈkɒrəleɪt/”
”~ say
He a____ that they needed more time to finish the project.”
“argue
/ˈɑːɡjuː/”
“tài nguyên
Water is a vital r_____ for all living beings”
resource
