IELTS 18 Reading T1 Flashcards
Urban farming
/ˈɜːbən/
Definition: The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.
Example: Urban farming initiatives aim to address food security and sustainability challenges in densely populated areas.
Aeroponics
/ˌeərəˈpɒnɪks/
A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water mist to deliver nutrients directly to the plant roots.
The aeroponic system allows for efficient nutrient delivery and promotes faster plant growth.
Attracting attention by reason of being unusual, extreme, or prominent.
Her s_____ beauty caught the attention of everyone in the room.
Striking
/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
In a way that is shining brilliantly; splendidly.
The strawberries are r__________ red, making them visually appealing.
Resplendently
/rɪˈsplendəntli/
In large quantities; plentifully.
The strawberries are growing a________ in the large plastic tubes.
Abundantly
/əˈbʌndəntli/
Requests for information or advice; questions.
We have received numerous e_______ regarding our holiday packages.
Enquiries
/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/
Intensive farming
Definition: A type of agriculture that involves the use of large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area, often characterized by high input of chemicals and machinery.
Example: Intensive farming techniques often result in higher yields but may have environmental consequences.
Having high moral qualities; characterized by moral excellence.
Aeroponic farming is considered v___ due to its minimal environmental impact and resource efficiency.
Virtuous
/ˈvɜːtʃuəs/
No longer in use; abandoned or obsolete.
D_______ shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries.
Disused
Sustainability
/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/
Definition: The ability to maintain or support an ecological balance over the long term.
Example: Urban farming practices aim to promote sustainability by reducing the environmental impact of food production.
Caution
/ˈkɔːʃn/
Definition:
to warn somebody about the possible dangers or problems of something
Example: Pascal Hardy cautions that urban farming has practical constraints in the urban environment.
Growing or developing in a healthy or vigorous way.
The community garden is f_____ thanks to the hard work of dedicated volunteers.
Flourishing
/ˈflʌrɪʃ/
Without a doubt; certainly.
She is u____ the most talented singer in the group.
This discovery will u_____ change the course of history.
Undoubtedly
/ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/
Refrigerated
/rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪt/
Definition: Kept cool or preserved by refrigeration.
Example: This medicine must stay refrigerated.
Businesses or individuals that buy and sell goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses.
In traditional supply chains, a significant portion of the price goes to w____ before reaching the consumers.
Wholesalers
/ˈhəʊlseɪlə(r)/
The optimal use of resources to achieve maximum output with minimal waste.
Soil-free farming methods are known for their “resource e______ “, using less water and electricity.
Resource Efficiency
right or appropriate for sb/st
This dress is perfectly s_____ for the occasion.
This method is better s_____ for beginners.
Suited
Bigger Picture
Definition: The overall perspective or larger context of a situation.
Example: Urban farming is part of a bigger picture that aims to bring food production closer to urban dwellers.
Breed
/briːd/
Definition: A group of animals or plants with common characteristics that distinguish them from other groups.
Example: They aim to design and equip a new breed of soil-free inner-city farms.
Vast
Definition: Extremely large in size, extent, degree, or amount.
Example: The urban rooftop space is vast, covering 14,000 square meters.
To aim at or direct efforts toward a particular goal or objective.
Urban farming could eventually t____ between 5% and 10% of consumption in the city.
Target
Showcase
Definition: A setting, occasion, or medium for exhibiting something or someone.
Example: The rooftop farm serves as a real-life showcase for soil-free urban agriculture.
Consequences
/ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/
Definition: Results or effects that follow as a natural outcome of certain actions or conditions.
Example: Intensive farming practices have environmental consequences, such as the generation of greenhouse gases.
Repurposed
Definition: Adapted or used for a new purpose or in a way different from the original.
Example: Disused shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries in urban areas.
Densely Populated
Definition: Having a high number of people in a given area relative to the available space.
Example: Urban farming is particularly relevant in densely populated cities where traditional agriculture may face challenges.
Pioneering, innovative, or representing a significant advance.
The rooftop farm is a g____ example of sustainable and efficient urban agriculture.
Groundbreaking
Standing out and attracting attention
~ noticeable
The rooftop farm is a p____ feature on the exhibition hall, visible from a distance.
Prominent
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
Cultivate
/ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
Definition: To prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening; to foster the growth of.
Example: Urban farmers aim to cultivate crops in innovative ways to address food supply challenges.
Closed loops or paths through which electrical currents or fluids can flow.
The soil-free farming system relies on a closed c_____ of pipes, towers, and trays for water circulation.
Circuit(s)
/ˈsɜːkɪt/
The amount of a crop produced in a given area; to produce or provide
Soil-free farming methods often achieve a high y____ of crops with less resource usage.
Yield
/jiːld/
The ability to withstand or oppose st;
the act of resisting.
Traditional crop varieties are selected for their r_____ to transportation, affecting their flavor.
Resistance
/rɪˈzɪstəns/
Constraint
/kənˈstreɪnt/
Definition: Limitation or restriction; something that limits one’s freedom of action.
Example: Urban farming faces practical constraints in terms of available space and resources.
Viable
/ˈvaɪəbl/
Definition: Capable of working successfully; feasible or practical.
Example: Soil-free farming methods are considered viable for urban environments with limited space.
Revitalize
/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/
Definition: To give new life, energy, or strength to something; to renew.
Example: Urban renewal projects aim to revitalize inner-city neighborhoods and improve living conditions.
Most favorable or advantageous; best suited for a particular purpose.
Urban farmers strive to achieve o______ growing conditions for their crops.
Optimal
/ˈɒptɪməl/
Revolutionize
/ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/
Definition: To completely change or transform something; to bring about a radical shift.
Example: Soil-free farming has the potential to revolutionize urban agriculture by maximizing space and reducing environmental impact.
Mist
Definition: A cloud of tiny water droplets in the air, typically produced by water spray or condensation.
Example: Aeroponic systems use a mist of nutrient-rich water to nourish plant roots.
Hollow
/ˈhɒləʊ/
Definition: Having an empty space or gap inside.
Example: The plastic tubes used in the soil-free farming system are completely hollow, allowing the roots to dangle inside.
almost not
Produce grown using soil-free methods b_____ travels at all, as it is produced and sold locally.
Barely
Capacity
/kəˈpæsəti/
Definition: ability
Example: Crop varieties are selected for their capacity to withstand transportation and storage.
Having a pleasant and distinctive smell
~ fragrant
A____ herbs like basil, sage, and peppermint are cultivated in the soil-free system.
Aromatic
/ˌærəˈmætɪk/
Sprout
/spraʊt/
Definition: To grow, emerge, or develop from a seed or bud.
Example: Strawberries sprout abundantly from the large plastic tubes in the rooftop farm.
Significant
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/
Definition: Having meaning or importance; noteworthy.
Example: Urban farming plays a significant role in addressing challenges to food supplies.
Involving a trial or test to discover st new or gain experience.
The school’s e____ teaching methods include letting the children decide what to study.
Experimental
/ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/
Selective
/sɪˈlektɪv/
Definition: Involving careful or deliberate choices based on specific criteria.
Example: Urban farming allows for selective crop varieties chosen for flavor, not just resistance to transport.
~ challenge, risk
Urban farming is explored as a solution to mitigate t____ to food supplies in cities.
Threat(s)
/θret/
> threat(s) to st
The amount of natural light that reaches a specific area.
Excessive “sunlight e____” increases the risk of skin cancer.
Sunlight Exposure
/ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/
intensely flavored
/ɪnˈtensli/
Definition: having a strong, rich, or concentrated taste
Example: The strawberries are small, resplendently red, and intensely flavored.
