TESTICULAR PATHOLOGIES Flashcards
List 3 etiological agents that can cause orchids in bulls?
Brucellos abortus, Mycoplasma spp., and Chamydophila spp.
List 3 etiological agent that cause orchitis in pigs?
Brucella suis, Swine Herpesvirus type 1, Burkholderia pseudomallei
List 3 etiological agent that cause orchitis in Stallions?
Burkholderia mallei, Strongylus edentatus, Streptococcus zoepidemicus.
List 3 etiological agents that cause orchitis in small ruminants?
In adult Arcanobacterium pyogenes (now know as Trueperella pyogenes), and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. In buck, Brucella mellitensis might cause orchitis.
List 3 etiological agent causing orchitis in dogs and cats?
In dogs Brucella canis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Canine Distemper Virus; in cats is rare and mostly secondary of peritonitis.
What is the major agent that cause of Epididymitis in young and adult rams?
In young rams epididymitis is related to ascending infection from Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the prepuce such as Histophillus somni and Actinobacillus seminis. These bacteria can migrate and cause epididymitis when puberty starts and LH and FSH levels are increased.
What is the major route of infection for epididymitis?
The major route of infection for epididymitis is ascending from Gram-negative bacteria that normal reside in the prepuce.
Which etiological agent should be ruled out in cases of epididymitis and why?
Brucella ovis because is zoonosis.
List other pathology that should be included as a differential for enlarged epididymitis in a young, polled buck and how does it present.
A pathology that need to be ruled is sperm granuloma. This condition is associated with polled goats (<30% of polled goats, because homozigose needs to present). Homozigose polled goats have a defect on their gonadal duct system that leads to obstruction of epididymis. There is a rupture of the seminiferous tubules close to rete testis that is presented generally as hard knot in the area.
Describe 5 ways that testicular degeneration can be diagnosed.
Testicular degeneration can diagnosed by manual palpation of the testis. The testicles of animal affected with testicular might have feeling of either to be softer than usual on initial stages of degeneration on which germ cells are no being produced regularly to harder when testis accumulate areas fo mineralization as results necrosis in testis undergoing degeneration. An ultrasound examination can also be used to visualize alteration that characterize testicles degeneration such as areas of mineralization and vacuolization. However, some studies inducing testicular degeneration with insulation failed to reproduce any alteration characteristics of testicular degeneration. Moreover, some studies failed to show a correlation between computer analysis of pixel intensity and semen quality. On the other hand, few studies did show that insulation increased sperm pathologies a 13-25% of the variation in pixel density accounted for alteration in sperm morphology. A clinical diagnosis of testicular degeneration not always will allow the differentiation between testicular degeneration that causes disturbances of sperm output and sperm abnormalities. A semen sample is not necessarily low in cases of degeneration.
Five potential causes of testicular degeneration are condition that cause local inflammation and disturbances in thermoregulation such as orchitis and epididymitis. Other conditions causing testicular degeneration include congenital blockade of sperm outflow, nutritional deficiencies of vitamins, toxicity, severe trauma, and senile atrophy.
