Penile preputial pathologies Flashcards
Describe penile hypoplasia and its pathogenesis?
It is abnormality on which penis and prepuce are underdeveloped. It seems to be caused by lack of exposure to testosterone at young age. It is highly correlated with castration at an early age. It is also associated with shortening of the retractor muscle of the penis in bulls.
Describe the pathogenesis of penile deviation and its different types?
Penile deviation is an abnormality of the angle of the penis caused by a defect on the dorsal apical ligament of penis in bulls and rams, asymmetrical malfunction in horses and donkeys, and congenital curvature deffect of the os penis in the dog. The penile deviation in bulls can be spiral (apical ligament slips laterally before intromission), ventral (less common with uncertain etiology) and S-shaped (very uncommon seem to be present when there is a mismatch between the length of the apical ligament and penis).
What is hypospadia and epispadia?
Hypospadia is a congenital male abnormal opening of the urethra generally in the undersurface of the penis (could also be the opening of the urethra in the vagina for the female). Epispadia is congenital malformation on which the male urethra ends in dorsal aspect of the penis (can also occur in females). Most cases lead to small and bifid penis.
What is a congenital vascular shunts of the penile prepucial area?
Congenital vascular shunts is an abnormal anastomoses of penile circulation, corpus cavernousum and corpus spongiosum that allow formation of shunt that lead blood escaping these compartments. When blood escapes corpus cavernosum and spongiosum, the hydraulic system necessary to keep erection is compromised. Besides the congenital origin, vascular shunt might develop after injury that compromises the tunica albuginea. In boar congenital vascular shunts is a heritable condition.
What is penile hematoma in bulls and what are the main causes of this condition?
Penile hematoma can be a description of any blood accumulation in this anatomical region, however, in bulls is reserved for a trauma of the penis leading to rupture of the tunica albuginea. It is generally caused when a bulls has an accident when performing the breeding act (i.e. female fall when the penis still engaged in the vagina). The condition has better prognosis when diagnosed early and surgical removal of the hematoma and correction of the tunica albuginea rent are performed because prevent formation of other sequela injuries. In cases on which the injury take longer to be diagnosed treatment with antibiotics to prevent abscess formation, cold water hydrotherapy twice a day, local treatment of secondary injuries, and rest from 60-90 days are recommended.
Differentiate priapism, penile prolapse, and paraphimosis.
Priapism is a persistent erection of the penis for more than 4 hours without sexual stimulation that is generally caused by neurological disease. Penile prolapse is the consistent dropping of the penis that has been reported frequently in stallions subsequent to administration of phenothiazine tranquilizers, severe debilitation, emaciation, neurologic diseases such as those associated equine herpesvirus type-1, and systemic condition such as purpura hemorrhagica, and dourine. Paraphimosis is a condition on which the penis unable to be retracted back in the prepuce. It can be secondary to trauma in animals with priapism and it may occur following penile laceration, penile prolapse, preputial trauma, neurologic diseases, sexual arousal, and balanoposthitis. Edema effectively reduces the diameter of the preputial orifice and the non-erect penis remains exposed beyond the preputial orifice. The exposed preputial and penile epithelium desiccates rapidly and the superficial layers become necrotic and slough.
