Small Animals Abortion Flashcards
What is etiological agent of Canine Minute Virus (CmMV or MVC)?
Canine Minute Virus is caused by Parvovirus type 1
What are clinical presentation for CnMV?
CnMV can be assymptomatic, cause respiratory distress, enteric disease, neonatal mortality, and reproductive disorders. The virus can cause immune suppression by reducing monocyte phagocytosis ability.
How can the CnMV cause infections?
CnMV can cause transplacental infections that can lead to embryonic resorption, abortion, birth defects, neonatal mortality. Early pregnancy infection cause embryonic death, whereas late pregnancy infections are more linked stillbirth, birth of weak pups.
How can CnMV be diagnosed?
Virus isolation on Walter Reed canine cells, followed by detection of intranuclear inclusion bodies by hematoxylin-eosin staining; or immunofluorescence using specific antibodies.
What is treatment and prevention for CnMV?
There is not effective treatment and no vaccines are available.
What is etiological agent of Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV)?
It is a feline parvovirus, canine parvovirus type-2, and other parvoviruses of carnivores.
How is FPLV transmitted?
The virus is shed in large quantities in the feces of contaminated with the virus and the transmission of the disease occurs through the fecal-oral route. The virus will replicate in the lymphoid tissues associated with oropharynx spreading to mitotically active tissues by both cell-free and leukocyte-associated viremia.
What are target tissues for FPLV?
Lymphoid organs, bone marrow, intestinal crypts, and in pregnant queens, fetuses.
What is the clinical course of prenatal FPLV?
In prenatal infections early in uterus will result in infertility, early fetal death, and resorption. In mid-gestation abortion and fetal mummification is more common. Queens suffering abortion may not suffer other clinical sign. In late stage pregnancy FPLV invades the fetal nervous tissues including cerebrum, cerebellum, optic nerve, and retina leading to hydrancephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebelar hypoplasia, optic nerve atrophy, and retinopathy. The cerebelar hypoplasia is consequence of cells of Purkinge degeneration and interference with cortical development, which leads to kittens being born with tremors and incoordination, seizures and other behavioral changes.
What is the clinical course of postnatal FLPV infection?
Post natal infection of 2 to 6 months old kittens results in the classic feline panleukopenia, characterized by fever, loss of appetite, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. Profound leukopenenia with WBC counts varying from 50 to 3000 cells/uL.
What is the diagnostic method for FPLV?
Gross and histologic findings in prenatal dead kittens including cerebelar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly, hydrocephalus, thymic atrophy, and marked reduction of the granular and Purkinje cell layers are suggestive, but not conclusive. Clinical diagnosis needs to be confirmed by laboratory tests. Test such virus isolation, hemagglutination, and PCR can be use, but these test do not allow differentiation between FPLV and CPV.
What it the treatment and prevention for FPLV?
Supportive therapy and nursing care reduce FPLV-associated mortality. Restriction of oral intake of water and food is needed if vomiting persists. Broad-spectrum antibiotics might prevent bacterial secondary infections. Antiviral therapy using feline recombinant interferon-omega has variable efficacy in dogs, but no data in cats exists. No adequate treatment for neonates with neurologic disease exist. Strict isolation is indicated for positive animals. The most effective prophylatic measure is vaccination using MLV (However, do not administer MLV vaccine in pregnant queen and kittens less than 4 weeks of age).
What is etiological agent for the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)?
It is a retrovirus of the genus Lentivirus. To date, 5 subtypes have been identified according to sequence diversity the env gene, with clades A and B been the most commonly detected in the field.
How FIV transmission occurs?
Mostly through parental inoculation through bite wounds, but transplacental transmission and contamination through secretions and colostrum or milk after parturition may also occur. Interestingly, not all kittens of same litter are born infected with FIV. Vertical transmission is more efficient if queen is infected when pregnant and late in pregnancy.
How is the progress of FIV?
Positive cats might remain healthy for several years. The clinical course classically follow 3 stages: an acute phase characterized by lymphadenopathy, lethargy, anorexia, and fever), a long-term asymptomatic, and final phase known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex that is marked by chronic gingivostomatitis, rhinitis, enteritis, lymphadenopathy, immune-mediated glomerolulonephritis, neurologic
disorders, and neoplasm.
