Male BSE

Question 1

What is inseminating/breeding dose of a Stallion?

Answer 1

500 million

Question 2

What is the volume, concentration, motility, morphology, pH, and total scrotum width mean for horses?

Answer 2

Volume = 52 ml
Concentration = 342 million/ml
Total sperm = 11.5 billion
Motility = 53%
Morphology = 52%
pH = 7.43
Scrotum width = 107 mm

Question 3

Which are the infectious diseases that need serologic testing in a boar?

Answer 3

Pseudorabies, Influenza, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, Brucella suis, Leptospira spp., Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus.

Question 4

What are the major prostatic diseases in dogs?

Answer 4

1. BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia)
2. Prostatitis
3. Prostatic cyst (intraprostatic or supra/extraprostatic)
4. Squamous metaplsia of the prostate gland
5. Prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 5

What is the treatment for BPH?

Answer 5

Benign prostatic hyperplasia can be treated with castration that removes the source os testosterone and dihydrotestosterone responsible for the increased gland. If male is intend to reproduction the option are finasteride that 5-alpha reductase inhibitor that blocks the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, the main steroid associated with BPH. Finasteride might decrease sperm concentration, but has not effects to male fertility. Another option is odsaterone acetate that selective inhibits the uptake of dihydrotestosterone by the prostate. It is a selective inhibitor of testosterone that decreases the gland size in 30%, but reduces the third fraction (prostatic fraction) that might affect breeding. Progesterone have been used, but there are number of side effects such as gynecomastia, hypothyroidism, and diabete mellitus.

Question 6

Discuss the pathogenesis of BPH?

Answer 6

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common disease of accessory sex glands in dogs. It is related to increased activity of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and reduced activity of estradiol that lead celular hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the prostate gland. The pressure derived from cellular increase in size and number might lead to distensionar of prostatic ducts and leakage. The presence of a serosanguinolent secretion that translates to prostatic fluid rich red blood cells and low number of white cells that varies from red (because of large number of red cells) to brown (red blood cells might be lysed). BPH increases the chances of prostatic cyst development.

Question 7

What are clinical signs of BPH in dogs?

Answer 7

The dogs with BPH might present pollakiruria, hematuria, stranguria, ribbon like stools, not painful bilateral prostate enlargement, presence of serosanguineous discharge at prepuce and infertility.

Question 8

What are the methods used to diagnosis BPH?

Answer 8

BPH can be diagnosed using clinical signs (pollakiuria, hematuria, stranguria, ribbon like stools, bilateral prostate enlargement at palpation, serosanguineous discharges prepuce, infertility), radiographs, ultrasonography, and evaluation of prostatic fluid. The of use retrograde cystourethrography to visualize enlarged prostate and ureter; and the use ultrasonography to measure prostatomegaly and to see uniform hypoechoic to hyperechoic parenchyma (gland is still smooth and symmetrical) may aid to find cysts, fluid inside should be anechoic and abscess. The characterization of the prostatic fluid is key to differentiate BPH from prostatitis and neoplasia.The prostatic fluid can collected regulation hand manipulation used for semen collection or if dog unwilling to be manipulated through catheterization. There is prostatic fluid in all fractions, but the third fraction is true prostatic fluid fraction. A red to brown fluid is expected due the presence of normal and lysed red blood cells. The prostatic fluid should culture for anaerobes, Mycoplasma, and Ureoplasma. The fluid should also be spun for cytology. Once prostatitis is ruled out a biopsy is recommended to differentiate between BPH and neoplasia.