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My VETS2008 > Testes, Scrotum, Epididymis, Prepuce, Penis, ASG > Flashcards

Testes, Scrotum, Epididymis, Prepuce, Penis, ASG Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of testes?

A

Produce sperm (male gamete) and male reproductive hormones (androgens)

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2
Q

What species have external testes

A

Domestic mammals including bull ram boar and dog, and also primate

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3
Q

What species have internal testes

A

Birds, marine mammals, elephant

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4
Q

Explain the functional tissue in the testis: where are sperm produced and where do they exit

A

Sperm produced in seminiferous lobules (parenchyma) and exit via rete testis/tubules

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5
Q

Three layers of the testis:

A

Parietal vaginal tunic
Visceral vaginal tunic
Tunica albuginea

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6
Q

Where do the lobules of the testis drain into

A

Lobules contain seminiferous tubules and drain into the rete testis through straight tubules

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7
Q

What cells are found in the interstitium of the testes

A

Leydig cells - hormones
Capillaries / endothelial cells
Macrophages (immune cells)

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8
Q

What part of the tubules actually produce sperm?

A

The seminiferous epithelium within the seminiferous tubules produce sperm, and are surrounded by the peritubular myoid cells.

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9
Q

Rete testes — efferent ducts — epididymis

What is the epididymis and what are the 4 main parts

A

Sperm travels through the epididymis through to the vas deferens
One continuous tube containing:
- initial segment
- head (caput)
- body (corpus)
- tail (cauda) furthest from efferent ducts

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10
Q

Main functions of the epididymis are

A

Sperm transport
Sperm storage
Sperm maturation
Absorption of excess rete fluid

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11
Q

2 main ligaments of the epididymis

A

Ligament of the tail of epididymis — connects the scrotum to the epididymis (tail)
Proper Ligament of the testis — connected the testis to the epididymis (tail)

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12
Q

What does the excurrent duct system contain?

A

Rete testis — efferent duct — epididymis — vas deferens

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13
Q

What epithelium’s do the efferent duct system contain? What feature helps moves the sperm along?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Columnar epithelial cells (ciliated)

Ducts are surrounded by smooth muscle
Cilia and smooth muscle help move sperm along ducts

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14
Q

What epithelium does the epididymis have (tall)? What feature helps move the speed along in here?

A

Contain tall, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Cells have stereocilia to help move the sperm along epididymis
— contain a lot more interstituim than in the testis

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15
Q

Compare the histology of the epididymis to the testis:

A

Testis:

  • epithelium contains lots of round cells
  • lined by flat myoid cells
  • high density of tubules

Epididymis

  • epithelium very rectangular with cilia
  • smooth muscle between tubules
  • fewer and larger tubules than the testis
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16
Q

What part of the excurrent duct system contains two types of smooth muscle

A

The Vas deferens
Contains inner circular smooth muscle
And outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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17
Q

Basic functions of the epididymis

A

Sperm are produced in the testes and stores in the epididymis
1. Storage of sperm
2. Sperm maturation
— mature at different stages
— become fully mature at tail of the epididymis
3. Transport of sperm

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18
Q

Provide more details on the basic functions of the epididymis (3 functions)

A

Storage
Maturation
Transport

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19
Q

What is the function of the scrotum

A

— only on external testes not internal testes

— protects the testes and REGULATES TEMPERATURE

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20
Q

What are the 2 major tissue layers of the scrotum

A

Skin and tunica darts (darts muscle)

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21
Q

What are the 4 layers around the scrotum

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle/fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral)

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22
Q

What does scrotal skin contain/what is important about it/what is it’s function??

A

Regulates testes temperature

Contains thermosensitive nerves and sweat glands to do this

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23
Q

What is the function of the tunica dartos layer

A

Important for regulating testes temp
— raises testes closer to body
— contraction = scrotal skin wrinkle = heat retained
— relaxation = scrotal skin increases the surface area = heat loss
—Divides the septum into two compartments

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24
Q

What is below the tunica dartos

A

External scrotal fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Internal scrotal fascia

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25
Q

What is the main vasculature of the scrotum

A

Blood supply to scrotum via the external and internal arteries/veins
— internal ilia is to posterior scrotal
— external is to anterior scrotal

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26
Q

The 3 major scrotum nerves are

A

Genitofemoral nerve
Pudendal
Ilioinguinal

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27
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve innovate

A

Innervates cranial scrotum and cremaster

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28
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innovate

A

Innervates caudal scrotum

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29
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve Innervates in scrotum

A

Innervates the dorsal scrotum (outside spermatic cord )

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30
Q

Why is testis temperature important?

A

Important for sperm production

Must be maintained 4-6 degrees below body temp for sperm to be produced

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31
Q

What happens to testes in the heat?

A

Sperm Movement and motility, sperm shape and dna damage

Production of sperm can stop at extremely high or prolonged high temperatures

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32
Q

3 control mechanisms of the testes are

A 
Vasculature 
— heat exchange 
— external radiant heat loss 
Musculature 
— cremaster pumping action on vasculature 
— dartos muscle - control skin surface area and distance from body
Thermoregulatory responses 
— scrotal sweating
— panting/respiratory rate
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33
Q

Vasculature and temperature control of the scrotum; explain how temperature is controlled by vasculature

A

Close association between testicular artery and pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord

  • creates efficient counter current heat exchange to regulate testicular temperature
  • testicular artery highly coiled and superficial on testis = radiant heat loss
34
Q

What controls temperature regulation in the testes

A

Arteries and venous blood
Cremaster muscle

How?

  • passive heat transfer from artery to veins cools arterial blood and warms venous blood
  • cremaster muscle: pumps on vessels, promotes venous return —> enhanced cooling by heat loss from arterial blood
35
Q

Dartos muscle: actions of the dartos muscle

A
  • controls scrotal skin surface area
  • scrotal surface area: relaxed - smooth and contracted = warm
  • dartos can lower and raise the testes to lower = cool, and closer to body = warmer
36
Q

General Thermoregulations of scrotum:

A

Sweating: localised to scrotum
Panting: triggered if scrotum above 40 degrees
- evaporative heat loss thus decrease temperature

37
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

Pouch of skin which ‘Houses’ the glans penis in most species

  • has outer parietal layer — continuous with skin
  • inner visceral layer — continuous with penis
38
Q

What is the blood supply to the prepuce

A

The external pudendal vessels

39
Q

What is unique about the pig prepuce

A

There is a preputial diverticulum inside the prepuce of the boar
- gross fluid can contaminate semen in boars = poor ejaculation

40
Q

Prepuce in horses

A

Double invagination with prepuce in stallions - forms preputial ring when erect

41
Q

What are accessory sex glands

A

Produced fluid; seminal plasma

- secretory tissues along male reproductive tract

42
Q

What are the four accessory sex glands

A
  • ampullae
  • vesicular glands - seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
43
Q

What is seminal plasma

A
  • complex transport vehicle
  • complex fluid, non cellular part of ejaculate
  • semen = sperm plus seminal plasma
44
Q

What are the functions of seminal plasma

A 
Transport vehicle - sperm to swim
Semen coagulation 
Sperm support - metabolically active cells so need support
Regulating sperm maturation 
Female immune priming
45
Q

What is the role of seminal plasma on females?

A

Sperm storage
Ovary; ovulation inducing
Cervix
Uterus

46
Q

What is the ampulla sex gland

A
  • each vas deferens have thickening of ampulla surround each vas def
  • secretions from the ampulla flow directly into the urethra
47
Q

What are the vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)

A

Contribute to ejaculation

Paired glands either side of the urethra often conjuring to large volume of ejaculate

48
Q

The prostate gland

A

Prostate is a single gland - can be discrete

Between bladder and urethra, embedded in smooth muscle

49
Q

The bulbourethral glands: function

A

Produce very thick, viscous secretions

- dense fibrous paired glands

50
Q

Order of glands from testes to the penis

A

Ampullae gland - vesicular gland - prostrate gland - bulbourethral gland

51
Q

Why is there variation in accessory sex glands and why is it important

A

Presence and a sense of sex glands determine qualities of ejaculate including
- volume
Fractionation (rich or poor quality sperm)
Viscosity - solid substance

52
Q

What sex glands are present in cattle

A

All 4 are present in cattle, relatively small bulbourethral glands

53
Q

What sex glands are present in sheep

A

4 glands are present, but prostate gland is scattered unlike the bull where the prostate gland is discrete

54
Q

What sex glands are present in the hors

A

4 glands present
Large prostate
Large bulbourethral gland

55
Q

What sex glands are present in the pig

A

No ampullae

Large bulbourethral glands - very thick/viscous

56
Q

Sex glands in the dog

A

Very Large prostate gland

No vesicular or bulbourethral glands

57
Q

Sex glands in the cat

A

No ampullae or vesicular glands

But have bulbourethral gland - gets ‘stuck’ when mating

58
Q

Comparative anatomy summary of accessory sex glands: what species do and don’t have prostate, vesicular, bulbourethral and ampullae

A
  • all have prostate
  • carnivores do not have vesicular
  • all have bulbourethral except for dog
  • pig and cat don’t have ampullae
59
Q

What is the function of the penis

A

Delivers semen from the male to female reproductive tract during mating

60
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the penis

A

Root
Body
Glands

61
Q

What is apart of the root penis

A
  • root penis attaches to the Ischial arch
  • 3 separate section
  • two tapering sections; the crus< and a central bulb
62
Q

What are the two tissue types in the body of the penis

A

Corpus cavernous - paired
Corpus spongiosum - surrounds the urethra
Both fill with blood during erection - cause rigid penis

63
Q

What does the glans penis contain

A

Contains corpus spongiosum only and urethral opening

- highly sensory - stimulation is a key factor initiating ejaculation

64
Q

What are the 3 major vessels of the penis

A

Dorsal artery and vein
Cavernous artery and vein - runs with the corpora **
Bulbourethral artery and vein

65
Q

What are the 4 main muscles of the penis

A

Ischiocavernous muscles - help keep blood in the corpora cavernousa

Bulbospongiosus muscles - contract to help empty the urethra

Urethralis muscle - contraction/movement of sperm and seminal plasma to urethra

Retractor penis muscle - contraction and relaxation of the penis

66
Q

2 main ligaments of the penis

A

Suspensory ligament - connects to pubic symphysis

Fundiform ligament - connects to the linea alba

67
Q

What are the two types of penis

A

Musculocavernous

Fibroelastic

68
Q

Differences between Musculocavernous penis and Fibroelastic penis

A
69
Q

Penis structure in bulls

A

Have curved glans penis and small urethral process unlike the ram

70
Q

Sheep penis

A

Fibroelastic penis

Rounded glands with very long thin urethral process - like a worm

71
Q

Horse penis structure - what special structure does it have

A
  • large Musculocavernous penis

- diverticulum - accumulates smegma and dead cells/gunk

72
Q

Pig penis type and shApe

A

Fibroelastic penis

Glans is corkscrew shaped - has a little lock in feature/hook

73
Q

Dog penis structure - what is important feature of the dog penis

A

Bulbus glandis - expands and creates a blockage in female when mating
- stops the penis from exiting when mating (expands)
Pars longa glandis - bone outside of the penis

74
Q

Cat penis features - what are the spines on the penis dependent on??

A

Keratinous spines - stimulate females

- androgen dependent - thus not present in castrated males - androgen helps prepare for ejaculation

75
Q

Which accessory sex gland produced thick, viscous secretions

A

The bulbourethral sex gland

76
Q

Which sex gland is described as the thickening of mucosa round vasa deferential, prior to merging at the pelvic urethra

A

The ampulla, creates a thickening around the vas def

77
Q

What species has no prostate sex gland

A

All have a prostate gland

78
Q

Species that don’t have the bulbourethral sex gland

A

The dog only

79
Q

Species that don’t have ampullae sex gland

A

Pig and cat

80
Q

Species that don’t have the vesicular gland

A

Carnivores so dogs and cats

My VETS2008 (34 decks)

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