Test2 electrolytes Flashcards by Rachel P

Charged particles in solution

Ions

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Positive electrolytes are called what?

Consists of Which electrolytes?

Cations 
=
Sodium 
Potassium 
Calcium 
Magnesium

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Negative electrolytes are called what?

Consists of which electrolytes?

Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Sulfate

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Major extracellular and intracellular cations include?

Sodium - extracellular

Potassium- intracellular

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What are the different electrolyte imbalances?

Hypo or hyper -

Natremia- sodium

Kalemia - potassium

Magnesemia- magnesium

CalcemiA - calcium

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This attracts fluid and helps preserve fluid volume .

It combines with what? To regulate acid base balance ?

Sodium

Chloride and bicarbonate

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What is the normal range of sodium?

135-145

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If sodium Intake suddenly increases what also rises?

Extracellular fluid concentration

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What does increased serum of sodium do to the body?

Increases thirst, release of ADH, which triggers kidneys to retain water

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The hormone in the thyroid made in the kidneys that has a function and water and sodium conservation when sodium levels are low?

Aldosterone

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What does sodium potassium pump maintain? And what does it prevent?

It maintains normal concentrationsBy using ATP magnesium and an enzyme

It prevents still smiling and creates an electrical charge

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Types of low blood sodium deficiency’s?

Delutional

Depletional

Hypovolemic

Hypervolemic

Isovolemic

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This type of low sodium deficiency results from sodium loss, water gain

Dilutional

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This low sodium deficiency is insufficient sodium intake

Depletional

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Sodium loss is greater than water loss, it can be Reno, (diuretic use, )or nonrenal, (vomiting)

Hypovolemic

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Sodium loss- Water gain is greater than sodium gain , edema occurs (feel hungover )

Hypervolemic

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Low sodium- Normal sodium level, too much fluid

Isovolumic

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What problems do you see in the body with low sodium ?

Mostly neurologic symptoms

Headache, nausea and vomiting, muscle twitching, altered mental status, seizures, Coma

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What happens to the body when hypervolemic happens

Hypertension,, coma , weight gain , Tachycardia

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What happens to the body when hypovolemia happens?

Poor skin turgor, tachycardia, decrease blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension

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What to do for someone that has sodium deficiency’s?

Restrict fluid intake

IV fluids and increased by mode sodium

InFuse hypertonic sodium solution

Diuretics such as Lasix to remove excess fluid

Monitor client in Icu

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Is the bodies main difference in high sodium deficiency? What happens to the fluid when this occurs?

What is high sodium (hypernatremia) caused by?

Thirst

Fluid shifts outside the cells

Water deficit, over at ingestion of sodium, diabetes

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What do you see in someone that has hypernatremia or high sodium levels?

SALT

Skin flushed
Agitation
Low-grade fever
Thirst

Neurological symptoms

Signs of hypovolemia

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What to do for someone with high sodium levels?

Monitor for swelling of the brain/cerebral Edema

Monitor sodium levels

Seizure precautions

Gradual Fluid replacement

Correct underlying disorder

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Untreated changes in potassium levels can lead to what?

Serious neuromuscular and cardiac problems

What is the normal potassium levels Intro or extra cellular?

3.5 to 5 Intracellular

Most potassium ingested is excreted by what organ?

Kidneys

What three things influence potassium balance?

Sodium/potassium pump Renal regulation Ph level

This uses ATP (energy) To pump potassium into cells Pump sodium out of cells And creates a balance

Sodium/potassium pump

This causes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion for renal regulation

Aldosterone

What would potassium acidosis mean?

Hyperkalemia, potassium moves out of cells

What would potassium alkalosis mean?

Hypokalemia, potassium moves into cells

Potassium imbalances are caused by what

Dialysis, dehydration, too much fluid,NG suction

What happens to the body with hyperkalemia or high potassium?

Numbness in the fingers, hypotension,EKG T waves, diarrhea

What happens to the body with hypo kalemia or low potassium?

Toxicity digitalis Orthostatic hypertension EKG Weak pulse Constipation

What should you never give to somebody with potassium imbalance?

IV push

What is the medication to help get rid of extra potassium by stool?

Kayexalate

What can you do for someone with potassium imbalances?

Loop diuretics (lasix) Dietary restrictions

This helps produce energy, protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, helps heart system function vasodilation, regulates or slows muscle contractions switches Charlie horses

Magnesium

Normal magnesium level Intro or extracellular?

1.5-2.5 | Intracellular

What are signs of hypermagnesmia ?

Renal failure is the most common cause Weakness, nausea vomiting, hypoactive DTRs, neuromuscular activity

Signs of hypomagnesemia?

Hypertension * Tachycardia, anorexia, muscle weakness,Altered LOC

normal calcium level?

9-10

This electrolyte Works with phosphorus to form bones and teeth It affects heart muscle contraction, blood clotting, needs vitamin D to properly absorb into body, parathyroid( pulls )hormone drugs calcium from bones, Calcitonin is released by the thyroid to (keep) calcium

Calcium

Signs of Low calcium?

Fractures in bones, diarrhea, EKG changes, slow response to digoxin, Muscle spasm’s mouth and parentheses

To do for someone with low calcium?

Give with vit d Supplements

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

Bradycardia or cardiac arrest Fatigue, muscle weakness, anorexia, decreased bowel sounds, constipation, polyuria or increase of urine, kidney stones, renal failure

What Do for someone who has too much calcium

Hydrate the patient, loop diuretics, steroids corticosteroids, three underlying cause

What to do for someone with hyper magnesium

Increase fluids, blue diuretic if no one responds to fluids,

What is the major role that water and electrolytes play in the body ?

Regulation of homeostasis by regulating substances that affect pH

Which compartment of fluids is easier to measure?

ExtraCellular fluid

What are two important hormones that regulate water balance?

Aldosterone and anti-diuretic hormone

What hormones are calcium influenced by?

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Who is at the greatest risk for electrolyte in balance?

Infants And elderly

Go different way that fluid and balance can happen?

Loss of fluids from vomiting, diarrhea, severe sweating, high fever, loss of blood

What are different ways of electrolyte in balance this can happen?

Imbalance of fluid volume, failure of organs that help regulate electrolytes such as kidney failure

What is used to form carbonic acid which breaks down hydrogen ions and bicarb?

Carbon dioxide and water

A drug that contains large amounts of salicylic acid

Aspirin

What regulates CO2 balance?

And respiratory system and lungs

What forms carbonic acid?Which leads to acid building up

CO2 and H2O

Any problem that leads to hyperventilation can lead to what? This is caused by alterations of the renal or G.I. system or inability of the buffering systems This can be related to access loss of acids, from G.I. losses or alternations in renal function Infection, chronic lung condition, excessive medication that suppresses the respiratory drive or acute injury that impairs respiration

Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory acidosis