Test2 electrolytes Flashcards
Charged particles in solution
Ions
Positive electrolytes are called what?
Consists of Which electrolytes?
Cations = Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium
Negative electrolytes are called what?
Consists of which electrolytes?
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Sulfate
Major extracellular and intracellular cations include?
Sodium - extracellular
Potassium- intracellular
What are the different electrolyte imbalances?
Hypo or hyper -
Natremia- sodium
Kalemia - potassium
Magnesemia- magnesium
CalcemiA - calcium
This attracts fluid and helps preserve fluid volume .
It combines with what? To regulate acid base balance ?
Sodium
Chloride and bicarbonate
What is the normal range of sodium?
135-145
If sodium Intake suddenly increases what also rises?
Extracellular fluid concentration
What does increased serum of sodium do to the body?
Increases thirst, release of ADH, which triggers kidneys to retain water
The hormone in the thyroid made in the kidneys that has a function and water and sodium conservation when sodium levels are low?
Aldosterone
What does sodium potassium pump maintain? And what does it prevent?
It maintains normal concentrationsBy using ATP magnesium and an enzyme
It prevents still smiling and creates an electrical charge
Types of low blood sodium deficiency’s?
Delutional
Depletional
Hypovolemic
Hypervolemic
Isovolemic
This type of low sodium deficiency results from sodium loss, water gain
Dilutional
This low sodium deficiency is insufficient sodium intake
Depletional
Sodium loss is greater than water loss, it can be Reno, (diuretic use, )or nonrenal, (vomiting)
Hypovolemic
Sodium loss- Water gain is greater than sodium gain , edema occurs (feel hungover )
Hypervolemic
Low sodium- Normal sodium level, too much fluid
Isovolumic
What problems do you see in the body with low sodium ?
Mostly neurologic symptoms
Headache, nausea and vomiting, muscle twitching, altered mental status, seizures, Coma
What happens to the body when hypervolemic happens
Hypertension,, coma , weight gain , Tachycardia
What happens to the body when hypovolemia happens?
Poor skin turgor, tachycardia, decrease blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension
What to do for someone that has sodium deficiency’s?
Restrict fluid intake
IV fluids and increased by mode sodium
InFuse hypertonic sodium solution
Diuretics such as Lasix to remove excess fluid
Monitor client in Icu
Is the bodies main difference in high sodium deficiency? What happens to the fluid when this occurs?
What is high sodium (hypernatremia) caused by?
Thirst
Fluid shifts outside the cells
Water deficit, over at ingestion of sodium, diabetes
What do you see in someone that has hypernatremia or high sodium levels?
SALT
Skin flushed
Agitation
Low-grade fever
Thirst
Neurological symptoms
Signs of hypovolemia
What to do for someone with high sodium levels?
Monitor for swelling of the brain/cerebral Edema
Monitor sodium levels
Seizure precautions
Gradual Fluid replacement
Correct underlying disorder
Untreated changes in potassium levels can lead to what?
Serious neuromuscular and cardiac problems
What is the normal potassium levels
Intro or extra cellular?
3.5 to 5
Intracellular
Most potassium ingested is excreted by what organ?
Kidneys
What three things influence potassium balance?
Sodium/potassium pump
Renal regulation
Ph level
This uses ATP (energy) To pump potassium into cells
Pump sodium out of cells
And creates a balance
Sodium/potassium pump
This causes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion for renal regulation
Aldosterone
What would potassium acidosis mean?
Hyperkalemia, potassium moves out of cells
What would potassium alkalosis mean?
Hypokalemia, potassium moves into cells
Potassium imbalances are caused by what
Dialysis, dehydration, too much fluid,NG suction
What happens to the body with hyperkalemia or high potassium?
Numbness in the fingers, hypotension,EKG T waves, diarrhea
What happens to the body with hypo kalemia or low potassium?
Toxicity digitalis
Orthostatic hypertension
EKG
Weak pulse
Constipation
What should you never give to somebody with potassium imbalance?
IV push
What is the medication to help get rid of extra potassium by stool?
Kayexalate
What can you do for someone with potassium imbalances?
Loop diuretics (lasix)
Dietary restrictions
This helps produce energy, protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, helps heart system function vasodilation, regulates or slows muscle contractions switches Charlie horses
Magnesium
Normal magnesium level
Intro or extracellular?
1.5-2.5
Intracellular
What are signs of hypermagnesmia ?
Renal failure is the most common cause
Weakness, nausea vomiting, hypoactive DTRs, neuromuscular activity
Signs of hypomagnesemia?
Hypertension *
Tachycardia, anorexia, muscle weakness,Altered LOC
normal calcium level?
9-10
This electrolyte Works with phosphorus to form bones and teeth
It affects heart muscle contraction, blood clotting, needs vitamin D to properly absorb into body, parathyroid( pulls )hormone drugs calcium from bones, Calcitonin is released by the thyroid to (keep) calcium
Calcium
Signs of Low calcium?
Fractures in bones, diarrhea, EKG changes, slow response to digoxin, Muscle spasm’s mouth and parentheses
To do for someone with low calcium?
Give with vit d
Supplements
Symptoms of hypercalcemia
Bradycardia or cardiac arrest
Fatigue, muscle weakness, anorexia, decreased bowel sounds, constipation, polyuria or increase of urine, kidney stones, renal failure
What Do for someone who has too much calcium
Hydrate the patient, loop diuretics, steroids corticosteroids, three underlying cause
What to do for someone with hyper magnesium
Increase fluids, blue diuretic if no one responds to fluids,
What is the major role that water and electrolytes play in the body ?
Regulation of homeostasis by regulating substances that affect pH
Which compartment of fluids is easier to measure?
ExtraCellular fluid
What are two important hormones that regulate water balance?
Aldosterone and anti-diuretic hormone
What hormones are calcium influenced by?
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Who is at the greatest risk for electrolyte in balance?
Infants And elderly
Go different way that fluid and balance can happen?
Loss of fluids from vomiting, diarrhea, severe sweating, high fever, loss of blood
What are different ways of electrolyte in balance this can happen?
Imbalance of fluid volume,
failure of organs that help regulate electrolytes such as kidney failure
What is used to form carbonic acid which breaks down hydrogen ions and bicarb?
Carbon dioxide and water
A drug that contains large amounts of salicylic acid
Aspirin
What regulates CO2 balance?
And respiratory system and lungs
What forms carbonic acid?Which leads to acid building up
CO2 and H2O
Any problem that leads to hyperventilation can lead to what?
This is caused by alterations of the renal or G.I. system or inability of the buffering systems
This can be related to access loss of acids, from G.I. losses or alternations in renal function
Infection, chronic lung condition, excessive medication that suppresses the respiratory drive or acute injury that impairs respiration
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
