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PN2 > Test 3- diabetes > Flashcards

Test 3- diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

The bodies ability to maintain steady states of blood glucose for optimal functioning despite nutritional intake

A

Glucose regulation

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2
Q

Risk factors for diabetes mellitus ?

A

Poor wound healing , infection, ketoacidosis/causes

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3
Q

What are the different types of diabetes ?

A

Type 1- insulin dependent

Type 2-non insulin dependent

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndrome

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4
Q

How does type one diabetes work in the body

A

Destruction of beta cells decrease insulin production

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5
Q

How does type 2 diabetes work in body?

A

Decrease sensitivity of insulin receptor to insulin decrease uptake of glucose.

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6
Q

How does gestational diabetes work in the body? (Pathophysiology)

A

Chronic low grade inflammation in the body due to the stresses of being pregnant ?

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7
Q

This type of diabetes is more genetic, develops at adolescence, will be on insulin for he rest if your life

Ketoacidosis?

A

Type 1

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8
Q

This type of diabetes can be prevented from healthy diet and nutrition. May need insulin, medications such as metformin

A

Diabetes 2

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms that occur in all types of diabetes?

A

Three Ps - polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Fatigue and weakness

Sudden vision changes

Tingling or numbness in hands or feet

Dry skin

Skin lesions or wounds that are slow to heal

Recurrent infections

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10
Q

Diagnosis for diabetes include :

Glucose higher than what?

Fasting glucose higher than?

A

200

125

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11
Q

If fasting glucose levels are normal, the diagnosis must be based on a ?

A

Glucose tolerance test

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12
Q

How to manage diabetes ?

Biggest thing is what?

A

Biggest thing- educating pt

Medications

Exercise

Monitoring glucose

Diet

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13
Q

Insulin preparations vary according to 3 main characteristics ?

A

Time of action

Species (source)

Manufacturer

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14
Q

Use insulin syringes with what on them?

A

Units

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15
Q

What part of body is for slow, medium, and fast acting insulin?

A

Slow - thigh/butt

Medium- under arms

Fast- stomach ? Lower back

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16
Q

There are two general approaches to insulin therapy?

A

Conventional - keep consistent

Intensive- inpatient

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17
Q

3 complications of insulin ?

A

Local allergic reactions

Systemic allergic reactions

Morning hyperglycemia

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18
Q

Alternative methods of insulin delivery

A

Insulin pens

Jet injectors

Insulin pumps

Inhalant insulin

Transplantation of pancreatic cells

Implantable and inhalant insulin

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19
Q

Types of oral anti diabetic meds to manage diabetes

When to administer?

A

Sulfonylureas

Biguanides

(Metformin, glayderide )

??

At meals or when doc orders

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20
Q

What is the best way to avoid diabetes ?

A

Management of controlling blood sugars

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21
Q

2 acute complications of diabetes related to short term imbalances in blood glucose ?

A

Hypoglycemia

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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22
Q

In elderly patients with diabetes low blood sugar is a concern for what reasons ?

A

Elderly people often live alone and do not recognize symptoms

It takes longer for meds to be excreted by the kidneys due to decreasing kidney function

Skipping meals may occur because of decreased appetite or money issues

Insulin error administration due to bad eye sight (overdose)

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23
Q

Low bs usually occur is who?

A

Elderly or type 1

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24
Q

High bs is what number?

Can do damage to what?

A

240 or higher

Eyes, kidneys , heart , nerves

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25
Q

Why to teach diabetics foot care?

A

Diabetics can’t always feel feet (neuropathy)

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26
Q

Very important to know patients history of what ?

A

Bs levels

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27
Q

Symptoms of low bs ?

A

Shaky, fast heart beat, sweating, dizzy, anxious, hungry, blurry vision, weakness or fatigue , headache, irritable

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28
Q

Hyperglycemia symptoms ?

A

Thirsty

Need to urinate

Dry skin

Hungry

Blurry vision

Drowsy

Slow healing wounds

29
Q

What to asses with someone who has diabetes ?

A 
History 
Diet 
Exercise 
BS hx 
Infections
30
Q

What are the nursing process steps for someone newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus ?

A 
Assessment 
Nursing diagnosis 
Potential complications 
Planning and goals - monitor sugars 
Nursing interventions 
Evaluation
31
Q

What is the first thing to teach patients ?

A

To manage and monitor bs

32
Q

How to teach patients to take care of their feet?

A

Inspect feet

Wash feet daily

Keep skin soft and dry

Smooth corns and calluses gently trim your toenails each week or when needed

Wear shoes and socks at all times

Protect your feet from hot and cool

Keep the blood flowing to your feet

Check with your health care provider

33
Q

What is the key to preventing diabetes?

A

Management

34
Q

What are the long-term complications of diabetes?

A

Macrocascular- brain , heart, pvd

Microvascular- eyes, renal, neuropathy

Neuropathy- * mostly

35
Q

Three diabetic complications contribute to the increased risk of foot problems and infections ?

A

Neuropathy

Peripheral vascular disease

Immunocompromise

Management (teaching proper foot care)

36
Q

Special issues in diabetic care?

Or common diabetic complications ?

A

Diabetics undergoing surgery- poor wound healing

Management of hospitalized pts with diabetes

High or low bs during hospitalization

Common alteration in diet

Hygiene

Stress

37
Q

Bs too high and mouth smells sweet - don’t confuse with hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes Ketoacidosis

38
Q

Hot and dry sugar high

(Need sugar) what type ?

A

Type 2

39
Q

Cold and clammy need some candy what type ?

A

Type 1

40
Q

When should someone eat after give a very short acting insulin?

Types?

A

5-10 min after injection

Lasts 5 or less hours

Humalog, novalog , aprida

41
Q

When can someone eat after giving a short acting insulin?

Types?

A

15-30 min

Lasts 5-8 hours

Humulin , novolin

42
Q

This insulin lasts up to 24 hours - too insulin vial between palms of hands to equally distribute

Types?

A

Intermediate acting

Humulin , Novolin

43
Q

Lasts up to 24 hrs - usually given once a day l. Can’t be mixed with any other insulin preparations. Lantus is usually given with evening real at bedtime

Types?

A

Long acting

  • lantus , levimir
44
Q

His type of insulin should be given 5-10 min before eating meal - roll vial between palms to equally distribute

How long lasts ?

Types?

A

Premixed

10-24 hours depending of type

Humulin, humalog, Novolog

45
Q

When may some one have sliding scale insulin ?

A

Times of surgery,illness, stress , regular regimen

46
Q

What does a sliding scale determine ?

A

Insulin dosages based on blood sugar level

47
Q

For sliding scale a dose may be administered how often ? Depending on what?

A

4-6 hours based on blood glucose level

48
Q

What are the benefits of sliding scale ?

A

To be flexible with insulin as needed and to monitor bs frequently

49
Q

How to administer insulin?

What degree and area?

A

90 degree angle or 45 degree angle

Stomach, arms, thighs, hips, sub-scapular regions

50
Q

With insulin , where does absorption occur the most quickly ?

A

Abdomen

Then the thighs, hips, and subscapular areas

51
Q

Why should we rotate sites with insulin?

A

Prevent lipodystrophy (damage to the fat which decreases absorption)

52
Q

This type of diabetics should monitor feet and bs levels

Most common

Non insulin dependent

Can be prevented by diet and exercise adult onset

More common in obese children

Increase blood glucose to insulin resistance or deficiency

A

Diabetic 2

53
Q

Management of type 2?

A

Diet therapy

Exercise

Educate

Monitor

Meds - metformin

54
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes type 2

A 
Polyuria- increased pee 
Polydipsia - more thirst 
Polyphagia- more appetite 
Fatigue 
Weakness
Vision changes
Neuropathy 
Dry skin 
Slow healing 
Sweet breath
55
Q

This type of diabetesstarts at youth

More genetic

Need insulin daily

3 ps

Less common

Increase glucose

Pan tease cells are destroyed

Immune compromised

A

Diabetes 1

56
Q

Management of diabetes 1 ?

A

Always require insulin in addition to dietary control and exercise.

Can have insulin pump

Educate pt

Cold and clammy need candy

57
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes 1 ?

A

Blurred vision
Angling of hands and feet, weight loss, hunger, increased urination, increased thirst, hunger, poor wound healing, fatigue, vaginal infections, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, DKA, can lead to neuropathy, PVT

58
Q

Medication used to treat type two diabetes

What to avoid

A

Metformin and glyburide

Alcohol

59
Q

What a pt can wear so that one is aware of their treatment ?

A

Medic Alert braclet

60
Q

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by an imbalance of what?

A

Insulin supply and demand

61
Q

Most disorders of the endocrine system are a result of ?

A

Hypofunction or hyperfunction

62
Q

Role of the nurse with diabetes ?

A

Educate client about disease

Medication therapy

Management of complications

63
Q

Ways to monitor glucose levels and ketones ?

A

Self monitoring blood glucose

Continuous glucose monitoring system

Glycated hemoglobin

Testing for ketones- bad diet

64
Q

The pituitary gland produces insufficient ADH, hence the canoes make a lot of urine

A

Diabetes insipidus

65
Q

Continuous Elevated bs will begin to impact body how?

A

It will have an impact on blood vessels, causes damage to the vessel walls and and organs overtime

66
Q

What populations have increased risk of abnormal glucose regulation?

A

People with strong family history, ethnic groups, infants, elderly

67
Q

What should a nurse observe in a newly created ostomy ?

A

Skin care , attachment Of the ostomy, observing the psycho social adjustment of the patient, function, elimination habits

68
Q

Reasons one may need an ostomy ?

A

Control of function, retention, discomfort with illumination, diseases, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, anomalies, infections or trauma

PN2 (10 decks)

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