TEST - WW1 Places/Things/Events Flashcards
1
Q
14 Points
A
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
The Points, Summarized
1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations
2
Q
Abdicate
A
to renounce one’s throne.
3
Q
Ace
A
- an ace is a military aviator or airman credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft
4
Q
Alsace/Lorraine
A
- Alsace-Lorraine was reverted to French ownership in 1918 as part of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany’s defeat in World War I. Well, initially Germany mainly wanted Alsace-Lorraine to act as a buffer zone in the event of any future wars with France. The area contains the Vosges Mountains, which would be much more defensible than the Rhine River if the French ever attempted to invade.
5
Q
ANZAC
A
- Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, combined corps that served with distinction in World War I during the ill-fated 1915 Gallipoli Campaign, an attempt to capture the Dardanelles from Turkey. The ANZAC cavalry units remained in the Middle East, playing a major role in the 1917–18 Palestine campaign.
6
Q
Armistice
A
- the Armistice was the ceasefire that ended hostilities between the Allies and Germany on the 11th of November 1918. The Armistice did not end the First World War itself, but it was the agreement which stopped the fighting on the Western Front while the terms of the permanent peace were discussed.
7
Q
Artillery
A
- different types of weapons made up the artillery of WWI. Guns had a long barrel and shot almost directly at their target. Howitzers had a shorter barrel and fired their projectiles in a curved trajectory. Mortars had a short barrel, a higher curved trajectory and were mainly placed in trenches.
8
Q
Assimilation
A
- forced assimilation is an involuntary process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups during which they are forced to adopt language, identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often religion and ideology of established and generally larger community belonging to dominant culture by government.
9
Q
Attrition
A
- The First World War is often perceived as a war of attrition, a conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible.
10
Q
Autonomy
A
- the right or condition of self-government. Canada signed independently the Treaty of Versailles (1919) that formally ended the war, and assumed a cautious, non-committal role in the newly established League of Nations.
11
Q
Balance of power
A
- a situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power.
12
Q
BEF/CEF
A
- The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the six-divisions the British Army sent to the Western Front during the First World War. The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the entire overseas force fielded by Canada during the First World War.
13
Q
Biplane
A
- an early type of aircraft with two pairs of wings, one above the other.
14
Q
Black Hand
A
- a terrorist group who lived in secret in Serbia and were a key instrument in planning the assasination of the Austrian-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
15
Q
Bolshevik
A
- The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union.
16
Q
Bond drive
A
- The campaigns to encourage Americans to buy U.S. Treasury bonds to finance World Wars I and II were known as war bond drives. During World War I the federal government raised $5 billion through the sale of Liberty Bonds.
17
Q
Byng Boys
A
- The Canadian troops nicknamed themselves the “Byng Boys,” a designation that continued to be used by veterans during Byng’s term as governor general. Byng was promoted to General and received the title of Baron Byng of Vimy in 1919 for his achievements during the First World War.
18
Q
Canary/Canaries
A
- the Canary Girls were British women who worked in munitions manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) shells during the First World War (1914–1918).
19
Q
Casualty
A
- The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I, was around 40 million. There were 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded. The total number of deaths includes 9.7 million military personnel and about 10 million civilians.
20
Q
Chlorine gas
A
- Chlorine gas, used on the infamous day of April 22, 1915, produces a greenish-yellow cloud that smells of bleach and immediately irritates the eyes, nose, lungs, and throat of those exposed to it. At high enough doses it kills by asphyxiation.
21
Q
Communist
A
- War Communism was the name given to the economic system that existed in Russia from 1918 to 1921. War Communism was introduced by Lenin to combat the economic problems brought on by the civil war in Russia. It was a combination of emergency measures and socialist dogma. Advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
22
Q
Conscientious
A
- wishing to do what is right, especially to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly. A conscientious objector refuses to engage in military service or go to war because doing so would conflict with deeply held personal beliefs. These can be based on religious conviction or experience, or moral and ethical considerations.
23
Q
Conscription
A
- compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
24
Q
Convoy
A
- a group of merchantmen or troopships travelling together with a naval escort.
25
Creeping barrage
- before an infantry advance during the First World War, it was a common strategy to bombard enemy defences with all available heavy artillery. First used at the Battle of the Somme, a creeping barrage involved artillery fire moving forward in stages just ahead of the advancing infantry. The Canadian troops became feared by the Germans because of this tactic.
26
Dogfight
- the early definition of the word 'dogfight' meant an aerial battle between two or more aircraft. As the First World War broke out not long after the aeroplane had been invented, there had not been time to develop guns which could be built into the body of a plane.
27
Doughboy
- cavalrymen used the term to deride foot soldiers, because the brass buttons on their uniforms looked like the flour dumplings or dough cakes called "doughboys", or because of the flour or pipe clay which the soldiers used to polish their white belts. U.S. service members in World War I (1914-18) came to be dubbed doughboys.
28
Dreadnought
- a type of battleship introduced in the early 20th century, larger and faster than its predecessors and equipped entirely with large-caliber guns.
29
Duckboard
- Duckboards were first used at Ploegsteert Wood, Ypres in December 1914. They were used throughout the First World War being usually placed at the bottom of the trenches to cover the sump-pits, the drainage holes which were made at intervals along one side of the trench.
30
Enemy alien
- was the term used to describe citizens of states legally at war with the British Empire, and who resided in Canada during the war. These included immigrants from the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
31
Ethnocentrism
- evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
32
Fire step
- So that soldiers in front-line trenches could fire through the parapet, a fire-step was dug into the forward side of the trench. The fire-step was 2 or 3 ft high. It was on this that the sentries stood. It was also used by the whole unit when standing-to (an anticipated enemy attack).
33
Head tax
- a uniform tax imposed on each person (Chinese and South Asians had to go through this)
34
Homesteader
- a person who goes to live and grow crops on land given by the government, especially in the past.
35
Imperialism
- policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
36
Indian Act
- it is an act that is a part of a long history of assimilation policies that intended to terminate the cultural, social, economic and political distinctiveness of indigenous peoples.
37
Internment Camp
- People were held in camps across the country. More than 8,500 people were interned during the First World War and as many as 24,000 during the Second World War — including some 12,000 Japanese Canadians. Internment is the forcible confinement or detention of a person during wartime.
38
Khaki election
- The term is also applied to the 1917 Canadian federal election, which was held during World War I. By allowing servicemen and women related to servicemen to vote, Sir Robert Borden's Unionist Party won a majority.
39
Last Hundred Days
- The Hundred Days Offensive was a series of attacks by the Allied troops at the end of World War I. Starting on August 8, 1918, and ending with the Armistice on November 11, the Offensive led to the defeat of the German Army. By the Summer of 1918, German attacks in the war had halted.
40
League of Nations
- The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare.
41
Lusitania
- a German U-boat torpedoed the British-owned steamship Lusitania, killing 1195 people including 123 Americans, on May 7, 1915. This action caused the USA to become upset with the Germans and was one of the reasons as to why the U.S joined the Allied forces.
42
MacAdam Shovel
- The MacAdam Shield-Shovel, also known as the Hughes Shovel, was an item of Canadian infantry equipment during the First World War. It was a shovel with a hole in it so you could put your gun in there and aim through it so your head was behind the shovel head.
43
Merchant Marine
- The Merchant Marine consisted of individuals who served as crew members aboard merchant ships. During wartime, it was known as the Merchant Navy. There are no employment files. Crew members of merchant vessels signed contracts, called articles of agreement, with the master of the vessel.
44
Metis
- In French, the word métis is an adjective referring to someone of mixed ancestry. Since the 18th century, the word has been used to describe individuals with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. Métis have a distinct collective identity, customs and way of life, unique from Indigenous or European roots.
45
Militarism
- the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
46
Military Service Act
- The Military Service Act became law on 29 August 1917. It was a politically explosive and controversial law that bitterly divided the country along French-English lines. It made all male citizens aged 20 to 45 subject to conscription for military service, through the end of the First World War.
47
Mobilization
- the action of a country or its government preparing and organizing troops for active service
48
Mustard gas
- The most commonly used gas in WWI was mustard gas. In pure liquid form this is colourless, but in WWI impure forms were used, which had a mustard colour with an odour reminiscent of garlic or horseradish.
49
Nationalism
- identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations. Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people.
50
No man’s land
- disputed ground between the front lines or trenches of two opposing armies.
51
P.O.W.
- abbreviation for prisoner of war.
52
Paris Peace
Conference
The Paris Peace Conference was the formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. The conference began on 18 January 1919.
53
Patriotism
- the quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support for one's country.
54
Profiteering
the practice of making or seeking to make an excessive or unfair profit, especially illegally or in a black market.
55
Propaganda
- During World War One, propaganda was employed on a global scale. This and subsequent modern wars required propaganda to mobilize hatred against the enemy; to convince the population of the justness of the cause; to enlist the active support and cooperation of neutral countries; and to strengthen the support of allies.
56
Push and Pull Factors
- push factors are those that draw a population to another area or place. Pull factors are those that encourage a population to leave its home.
57
Rationing
- allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).
58
Recession
- The post–World War I recession was an economic recession that hit much of the world in the aftermath of World War I. After the war ended, the global economy began to decline. In the United States, 1918–1919 saw a modest economic retreat, but the second part of 1919 saw a mild recovery.
59
Reconnaissance
- Aerial reconnaissance was a revolution in military affairs. Before then, militaries had to send scouting teams on long and dangerous missions to gauge troop movements, or used kite-balloons, which were tethered to the ground and were easy targets for enemy fire.
60
Residential Schools
- a government-supported “school” that takes Inuit and other indigenous children from their homes and forces them to leave behind their cultures.
61
Romanticism
the thought of where people romanticise the idea of going off to fight in war. They make it seem as if it is an amazing thing when in reality it is a devastating and haunting experience.
62
Ross Rifle
- in the early 20th Century, the Ross rifle, a Canadian-made infantry rifle, was produced as an alternative to the British-made Lee-Enfield rifle. The Ross rifle was used during the First World War, where it gained a reputation as an unreliable weapon among Canadian soldiers.
63
Sapper
A sapper, in the sense first used by the French military, was one who dug trenches to allow besieging forces to advance towards the enemy defensive works and forts, over ground that is under the defenders' musket or artillery fire. This digging was referred to as sapping the enemy fortifications.
64
Sarajevo
- this is the place where the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were shot and murdered by a member of the terrorist group the Black Hand.
65
Schlieffen Plan
- Schlieffen Plan, battle plan first proposed in 1905 by Alfred, Graf (count) von Schlieffen, chief of the German general staff, that was designed to allow Germany to wage a successful two-front war. Germany, therefore, could eliminate one while the other was kept in check.
66
Self-determination
During World War I, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted the concept of "self-determination," meaning that a nation or a group of people with similar political ambitions can seek to create its own independent government or state.
67
Sharpshooter
- a person who is very skilled in shooting.
68
Shell shock
- during World War I, some people saw shell shock as cowardice or malingering. The term "shell shock" was coined by the soldiers themselves. Symptoms included fatigue, tremor, confusion, nightmares and impaired sight and hearing.
69
Slavic
- relating to or denoting the branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian ( East Slavic ), Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Sorbian ( West Slavic ), and Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene ( South Slavic ).
70
Sniper
- a person who shoots from a hiding place, especially accurately and at long range.
71
Suffragist
- a person advocating that the right to vote be extended to more people, especially to women.
72
Thrift stamps
- war savings stamps were issued by the United States Treasury Department to help fund participation in World War I and World War II. During World War I, 25-cent Thrift stamps were offered to allow individuals to accumulate enough over time to purchase the standard 5-dollar War Savings Certificate stamp.
73
Treaty of Versailles
- Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty which brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles.
74
Trench Foot
- Trench foot or immersion foot is a type of tissue damage caused by prolonged exposure to cold and wet conditions. It leads to swelling, pain, and sensory disturbances in the feet. It can lead to damage to the blood vessels, nerves, skin, and muscle.
75
Tri-plane
- an airplane with three main supporting surfaces superposed.
76
Triple Alliance
an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
77
Triple Entente
- an alliance between France, Britain and Russia and then Italy joined in 1915.
78
u-boat
- a German submarine used in World War I.
79
Ultimatum
- a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations.
80
Unrestricted u-boat
warfare
- unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules").
81
Valcartier Camp
- this is where Sam Hughes “trained” all of the men who were recruited in Canada for the First World War. In total the camp held 35,000 troops.
82
Victory bond
- the bonds were a loan to the government that could be redeemed with interest after 5,10, or 20 years and were released during 5 different campaigns between 1915 and 1919. In 1915 a hundred million dollars worth of Victory Bonds was issued and quickly purchased.
83
War Guilt Clause
- The War Guilt Clause was added in order to get the French and Belgians to agree to reduce the sum of money that Germany would have to pay to compensate for war damage
84
Wartime Elections Act
- the Act gave the vote to the wives, widows, mothers, and sisters of soldiers serving overseas. They were the first women ever to be able to vote in Canadian federal elections and were also a group that was strongly in favour of conscription.
85
Western Front
- The Western Front was a military theatre of World War II encompassing Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. World War II military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered as separate theatres. This is where most of the fighting during WWI took place.
86
War Measures Act
- it gave broad powers to the Canadian government to maintain security and order during “war, invasion or insurrection.” It was used, controversially, to suspend the civil liberties of people in Canada who were considered “enemy aliens” during both world wars. This led to mass arrests and detentions without charges or trials.
87
White Star Gas
- It also killed its victim within 48 hours of the attack. Advancing armies also used a mixture of chlorine and phosgene called 'white star'. Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917.
88
Zeppelin
- During World War I, the German military made extensive use of Zeppelins as bombers and as scouts, resulting in over 500 deaths in bombing raids in Britain. The defeat of Germany in 1918 temporarily slowed the airship business.
