TEST - WW1 Places/Things/Events Flashcards
14 Points
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
The Points, Summarized
1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations
Abdicate
to renounce one’s throne.
Ace
- an ace is a military aviator or airman credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft
Alsace/Lorraine
- Alsace-Lorraine was reverted to French ownership in 1918 as part of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany’s defeat in World War I. Well, initially Germany mainly wanted Alsace-Lorraine to act as a buffer zone in the event of any future wars with France. The area contains the Vosges Mountains, which would be much more defensible than the Rhine River if the French ever attempted to invade.
ANZAC
- Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, combined corps that served with distinction in World War I during the ill-fated 1915 Gallipoli Campaign, an attempt to capture the Dardanelles from Turkey. The ANZAC cavalry units remained in the Middle East, playing a major role in the 1917–18 Palestine campaign.
Armistice
- the Armistice was the ceasefire that ended hostilities between the Allies and Germany on the 11th of November 1918. The Armistice did not end the First World War itself, but it was the agreement which stopped the fighting on the Western Front while the terms of the permanent peace were discussed.
Artillery
- different types of weapons made up the artillery of WWI. Guns had a long barrel and shot almost directly at their target. Howitzers had a shorter barrel and fired their projectiles in a curved trajectory. Mortars had a short barrel, a higher curved trajectory and were mainly placed in trenches.
Assimilation
- forced assimilation is an involuntary process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups during which they are forced to adopt language, identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often religion and ideology of established and generally larger community belonging to dominant culture by government.
Attrition
- The First World War is often perceived as a war of attrition, a conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible.
Autonomy
- the right or condition of self-government. Canada signed independently the Treaty of Versailles (1919) that formally ended the war, and assumed a cautious, non-committal role in the newly established League of Nations.
Balance of power
- a situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power.
BEF/CEF
- The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the six-divisions the British Army sent to the Western Front during the First World War. The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the entire overseas force fielded by Canada during the First World War.
Biplane
- an early type of aircraft with two pairs of wings, one above the other.
Black Hand
- a terrorist group who lived in secret in Serbia and were a key instrument in planning the assasination of the Austrian-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Bolshevik
- The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union.
Bond drive
- The campaigns to encourage Americans to buy U.S. Treasury bonds to finance World Wars I and II were known as war bond drives. During World War I the federal government raised $5 billion through the sale of Liberty Bonds.
Byng Boys
- The Canadian troops nicknamed themselves the “Byng Boys,” a designation that continued to be used by veterans during Byng’s term as governor general. Byng was promoted to General and received the title of Baron Byng of Vimy in 1919 for his achievements during the First World War.
Canary/Canaries
- the Canary Girls were British women who worked in munitions manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) shells during the First World War (1914–1918).
Casualty
- The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I, was around 40 million. There were 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded. The total number of deaths includes 9.7 million military personnel and about 10 million civilians.
Chlorine gas
- Chlorine gas, used on the infamous day of April 22, 1915, produces a greenish-yellow cloud that smells of bleach and immediately irritates the eyes, nose, lungs, and throat of those exposed to it. At high enough doses it kills by asphyxiation.
Communist
- War Communism was the name given to the economic system that existed in Russia from 1918 to 1921. War Communism was introduced by Lenin to combat the economic problems brought on by the civil war in Russia. It was a combination of emergency measures and socialist dogma. Advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
Conscientious
- wishing to do what is right, especially to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly. A conscientious objector refuses to engage in military service or go to war because doing so would conflict with deeply held personal beliefs. These can be based on religious conviction or experience, or moral and ethical considerations.
Conscription
- compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
Convoy
- a group of merchantmen or troopships travelling together with a naval escort.
Creeping barrage
- before an infantry advance during the First World War, it was a common strategy to bombard enemy defences with all available heavy artillery. First used at the Battle of the Somme, a creeping barrage involved artillery fire moving forward in stages just ahead of the advancing infantry. The Canadian troops became feared by the Germans because of this tactic.
Dogfight
- the early definition of the word ‘dogfight’ meant an aerial battle between two or more aircraft. As the First World War broke out not long after the aeroplane had been invented, there had not been time to develop guns which could be built into the body of a plane.
Doughboy
- cavalrymen used the term to deride foot soldiers, because the brass buttons on their uniforms looked like the flour dumplings or dough cakes called “doughboys”, or because of the flour or pipe clay which the soldiers used to polish their white belts. U.S. service members in World War I (1914-18) came to be dubbed doughboys.
Dreadnought
- a type of battleship introduced in the early 20th century, larger and faster than its predecessors and equipped entirely with large-caliber guns.
Duckboard
- Duckboards were first used at Ploegsteert Wood, Ypres in December 1914. They were used throughout the First World War being usually placed at the bottom of the trenches to cover the sump-pits, the drainage holes which were made at intervals along one side of the trench.
Enemy alien
- was the term used to describe citizens of states legally at war with the British Empire, and who resided in Canada during the war. These included immigrants from the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
Ethnocentrism
- evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
Fire step
- So that soldiers in front-line trenches could fire through the parapet, a fire-step was dug into the forward side of the trench. The fire-step was 2 or 3 ft high. It was on this that the sentries stood. It was also used by the whole unit when standing-to (an anticipated enemy attack).
Head tax
- a uniform tax imposed on each person (Chinese and South Asians had to go through this)
Homesteader
- a person who goes to live and grow crops on land given by the government, especially in the past.
Imperialism
- policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.