HISTORY FINAL TERMS - UP TO WWII Flashcards
1
Q
Ace
A
- an ace is a military aviator or airman credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft
2
Q
Allies
A
- The Allies in the beginning of WWII were Great Britain, France and the Commonwealth. When Germany invaded France they were still considered an ally but they were unable to really help out. When Germany tried to invade the Soviet Union, the U.S.S.R. reached out to the Allied forces and asked for them to help. When the Germans failed the Soviet Union joined the Allies and fought against the Nazi’s.
3
Q
Alsace/Lorraine
A
- Alsace-Lorraine was reverted to French ownership in 1918 as part of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany’s defeat in World War I. Well, initially Germany mainly wanted Alsace-Lorraine to act as a buffer zone in the event of any future wars with France. The area contains the Vosges Mountains, which would be much more defensible than the Rhine River if the French ever attempted to invade.
4
Q
Anschluss
A
- Anschluss, German: “Union”, political union of Austria with Germany, achieved through annexation by Adolf Hitler in 1938. The Anschluss was among the first major steps in Austrian-born Hitler’s desire to create a Greater German Reich that was to include all ethnic Germans and all the lands and territories that the German Empire had lost after the First World War.
5
Q
Anti-Semitism
A
- It means prejudice against or hatred of Jewish people. Hitler was known for his hatred of Jewish people and believed that they were like bugs that needed to be exterminated.
6
Q
Appeasement
A
- Appeasement encouraged Hitler to be more aggressive, with each victory giving him confidence and power. The Policy of Appeasement led to the Second World War as Britain and France, two of the main powers in 20th century Europe, failed to appease Hitler to the extent where war with Nazi Germany was inevitable.
7
Q
Armistice
A
- the Armistice was the ceasefire that ended hostilities between the Allies and Germany on the 11th of November 1918. The Armistice did not end the First World War itself, but it was the agreement which stopped the fighting on the Western Front while the terms of the permanent peace were discussed.
8
Q
Arms Race
A
- An arms race occurs when two or more countries increase the size and quality of military resources to gain military and political superiority over one another.
9
Q
Aryan
A
- Germans coined the term “Aryan” which is what they referred to as the master race. It is a concept in Nazi ideology in which the putative “Aryan race” is deemed the pinnacle of human racial hierarchy.
10
Q
Assimilation
A
- forced assimilation is an involuntary process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups during which they are forced to adopt language, identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often religion and ideology of established and generally larger community belonging to dominant culture by government.
11
Q
Atlantic Gap
A
- The Mid-Atlantic Gap is a geographical term applied to an undefended area beyond the reach of land-based RAF Coastal Command antisubmarine (A/S) aircraft during the Battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War.
12
Q
A-bomb
A
an “a-bomb” was another name for an atomic bomb, such as the one dropped on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
13
Q
Attrition
A
- The First World War is often perceived as a war of attrition, a conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible
14
Q
Axis
A
- The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. These three countries recognized German domination over most of continental Europe; Italian domination over the Mediterranean Sea; and Japanese domination over East Asia and the Pacific.
15
Q
Barbarossa
A
- Operation Barbarossa was the codename for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII. On June 22, 1941, Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, codenamed Operation Barbarossa. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler predicted a quick victory, but after initial success, the brutal campaign dragged on and eventually failed due to strategic blunders and harsh winter weather, as well as a determined Soviet resistance and attrition suffered by German forces.
16
Q
Battle of Britain
A
- an at campaign launched in 1940 by the Royal Air Force to stop the Germans from achieving air supremacy
17
Q
Battle of the Atlantic
A
- the struggle between the Allies and the loss powers to control the Allies shipping count across the Atlantic Ocean
18
Q
BCATP
A
- The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), or Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS) often referred to as simply “The Plan”, was a massive, joint military aircrew training program created by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, during the Second World War
19
Q
Bennett-buggy
A
- an engineless automobile drawn by a horse.
20
Q
Billy Bishop
A
- he is one of the pilots who provided aerial support during the Battle of Vimy Ridge, he shot down 12 planes in April 1917 alone, winning the Military Cross and earning a promotion to Captain. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his single-handed attack on a German airfield near Cambrai, France on June 2, 1913. By the end of the First World War, Bishop had been promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was credited with destroying 72 enemy aircraft.
21
Q
Black Hand
A
- a terrorist group who lived in secret in Serbia and were a key instrument in planning the assasination of the Austrian-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
22
Q
Black Tuesday.
A
- On October 29, 1929, the United States stock market crashed in an event known as Black Tuesday. This began a chain of events that led to the Great Depression, a 10-year economic slump that affected all industrialised countries in the world. The causes of Black Tuesday included too much debt used to buy stocks, global protectionist policies, and slowing economic growth.
23
Q
Blitzkrieg
A
- Blitzkrieg was a military tactic calculated to create psychological shock and resultant disorganisation in enemy forces through the employment of surprise, speed, and superiority in matériel or firepower.
24
Q
Blue Nose
A
-was a fishing and racing gaff rig schooner built in 1921 in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. A celebrated racing ship and fishing vessel, Bluenose under the command of Angus Walters, became a provincial icon for Nova Scotia and an important Canadian symbol in the 1930s, serving as a working vessel until she was wrecked in 1946. Nicknamed the “Queen of the North Atlantic’’,[
25
Boer
- a Dutch person who settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century.
26
Bootlegger
- a person who makes, distributes, or sells goods illegally.
27
Boycott
- is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organisation, or country as an expression of protest.
28
Capitalism
- an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. (Two points are that capitalism is the motive to make profit and they want to control property in accord with their own interest)
29
CBC
- in 1929 the Commission concluded that Canada was in need of a publicly funded radio broadcast system. In 1936 a new Canadian Broadcasting Act created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)/Radio-Canada as a crown corporation.
30
Coalition
an alliance for combined action, especially a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states.
31
Cold War
a period lasting approximately from 1945 to 1989 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union and its allies and capitalist United States and It Allies
32
Commonwealth
- The British Commonwealth of Nations was the result of the 1926 Balfour Declaration which stipulated that the relationship between Britain and her Dominions was equal in status. This stipulation was formalised officially in Section 4 of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.
33
Communist-
- War Communism was the name given to the economic system that existed in Russia from 1918 to 1921. War Communism was introduced by Lenin to combat the economic problems brought on by the civil war in Russia. It was a combination of emergency measures and socialist dogma. Advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
Conscription - The National Service (Armed Forces) Act imposed conscription on all males aged between 18 and 41 who had to register for service. Those medically unfit were exempted, as were others in key industries and jobs such as baking, farming, medicine, and engineering.
34
Convoy
- a group of merchantmen or troopships travelling together with a naval escort. The convoy system, a group of ships sailing together for protection, was designed to help protect cargo in passenger ships during the First and Second World War. The system was created out of desperation. As there were not enough warships to protect thousands of individual merchant ships, they were grouped into convoys with naval escorts, making them hard to find and difficult to attack.
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Creeping Barrage
- before an infantry advance during the First World War, it was a common strategy to bombard enemy defences with all available heavy artillery. First used at the Battle of the Somme, a creeping barrage involved artillery fire moving forward in stages just ahead of the
36
D-Day
- On June 6, 1944 the Allied Forces of Britain, America, Canada, and France attacked German forces on the coast of Normandy, France. With a huge force of over 150,000 soldiers, the Allies attacked and gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II in Europe.
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Deflation
- reduction of the general level of prices in an economy.
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Demilitarized
the action of removing military forces from an area: The peace plan includes calls for demilitarisation of the disputed area.
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Depression (+ cycle)
- the financial and industrial slump of 1929 and subsequent years.
40
Desert Fox
- Erwin Rommel, in full Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, byname the Desert Fox, was a German field marshal who became the most popular general at home and gained the open respect of his enemies with his spectacular tactics and battle strategies.
41
Dieppe
- The Dieppe raid of August 19, 1942, was a disaster. Within a few hours of landing on the French beach, almost a thousand Canadian soldiers died and twice that many were taken prisoner. Losses of aircraft and naval vessels were very high. Dieppe was a humiliation for the Allies and a tragedy for those killed, seriously wounded or taken prisoner.
42
Dreadnought
- a type of battleship introduced in the early 20th century, larger and faster than its predecessors and equipped entirely with large-calibre guns.
43
Dunkirk
-part town in France from which a massive Allied evacuation took place in May 1944 when German forces conquered France
44
Famous Five
- the group included Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise Crummy McKinney, and Irene Parlby. The Famous Five achieved not only the right for women to serve in the Senate, but they and their many contributions paved the way for women to participate in other aspects of public life and the assertion of women's rights is now honoured by the Governor General's Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case.
45
Fascism
- The Nazi government that ruled under Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945 was a fascist government. Fascism is a far-right theory of government that opposes the political philosophies of the Enlightenment and the 19th century, including democratic liberalism, communism, and socialism.
46
Feminist
- a person who supports the idea that women are equal to men and deserve equal right and opportunities
47
Final solution
- The Nazis and their supporters sought the “final solution to the Jewish question,” the murder of all Jews: men, women, and children and their eradication from the human race. In Nazi ideology that perceived Jewishness to be biological, the elimination of the Jews was essential to the purification and even the salvation of the German people.
48
Flapper
- flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that time period), bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior.
Fuhrer - Führer, also spelled Fuehrer, German Führer, (“Leader”), title used by Adolf Hitler to define his role of absolute authority in Germany's Third Reich.
49
Fourteen Points
- The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
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Fourteen Points Summarised
1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations
51
General Assembly
- Established in 1945 under the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations.
52
Genocide
- The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race. There was a mass genocide of the Jewish people in Germany and the territories that they took over. Nazis would send mass amounts of Jewish men, women and children to concentration camps to try and eradicate them from existence.
53
Ghettos
- During the Holocaust, the creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating, persecuting, and ultimately destroying Europe's Jews. Jews were forced to move into the ghettos, where living conditions were miserable. Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews from the non-Jewish population and from other Jewish communities.
54
Group of Seven
- they sketched landscapes and developed different techniques to better their art. The group was greatly influenced by European Impressionism. It was in 1919 that they began to call themselves the Group of Seven because they couldn't come up with a name, and so Harris dubbed them the “Group of Seven” and it stuck.
55
Halifax Explosion
- On December 6, 1917 att 9:05 a.m., in the harbour of Halifax in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, the most devastating man-made explosion in the pre-atomic age occurs when the Mont Blanc, a French munitions ship, explodes 20 minutes after colliding with another vessel. The explosion had profound and long-lasting consequences. Destroyed neighbourhoods were rebuilt to safer standards, while medical treatment, social welfare, and public health saw advances and improvements. During the First World War, Halifax was a busy port and the centre of wartime shipping for Canada.
56
Hiroshima
- On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict.
57
Hobo Jungle-
was an encampment of unemployed, homeless people during the Great Depression (aka “Hooverville” in the United States, after US President Herbert Hoover). In Vancouver, the term specifically refers to the large homeless camp that sprung up on the edge of the City Dump in 1930, part of the large parcel of land we recognize today as Strathcona Park. Though unemployed locals were definitely a fixture, the encampment was largely populated by transient men freshly arrived in meteorologically mild Vancouver from much colder and harsher parts of Canada. (“Better to starve to death than to freeze to death!” was the reasoning refrain.) The ‘Hobo Jungle’ was destroyed in 1931 after City officials used the pretext of a possible pandemic (typhoid) to raze it to the ground and send its inhabitants off to work camps in the Interior.
58
Holocaust
- The Holocaust was Nazi Germany's deliberate murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five million prisoners of war.
59
Imperialism
- policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
60
Indian Act
- it is an act that is a part of a long history of assimilation policies that intended to terminate the cultural, social, economic and political distinctiveness of indigenous peoples.
61
Internment
Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in isolated camps.
62
Isolationism
- Isolationists believed that World War II was ultimately a dispute between foreign nations and that the United States had no good reason to get involved. The best policy, they claimed, was for the United States to build up its own defences and avoid antagonising either side.
63
Kristallnacht
- On November 9 to November 10, 1938, in an incident known as “Kristallnacht”, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalised Jewish homes, schools and businesses and killed close to 100 Jews. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, also called the “Night of Broken Glass,” some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps.
64
League of Nations
- The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. The League effectively ceased operations during World War II.
65
Lebensraum
- By 1939, Nazi Germany was ready for the next phase of Hitler's racial program, which called for Lebensraum, or “living space,” for the Aryan race. The German invasion of Poland in September 1939 both set this quest for “race and space” in motion and began World War II in Europe.
66
Maginot Line
The Maginot Line was a vast fortification that spread along the French/German border but became a military liability when the Germans attacked France in the spring of 1940 using blitzkrieg – a tactic that completely emasculated the Maginot Line's purpose.
67
Majority Government
- a majority government refers to one or multiple governing parties that hold an absolute majority of seats in a legislature.
68
Manhattan Project
- The Manhattan Project was the code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic weapon during World War II. The Manhattan Project was started in response to fears that German scientists had been working on a weapon using nuclear technology since the 1930s and that Adolf Hitler was prepared to use it.
69
Market Economy
an economic system in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
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Materialism
- Materialism played a role in the ideological clash between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during WWII. The Soviet Union under Stalin embraced dialectical materialism, which viewed history through the lens of material and economic factors rather than idealistic notions
71
Mein Kampf
- Mein Kampf (My Struggle) is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
72
Militarism
- the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
73
Military Service Act
- The Military Service Act became law on 29 August 1917. It was a politically explosive and controversial law that bitterly divided the country along French-English lines. It made all male citizens aged 20 to 45 subject to conscription for military service, through the end of the First World War.
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Military Voters Act
- an Act that allowed men and women serving overseas to vote
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Minority government
- a government in which the governing party has most seats but still less than half the total.
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Mixed economy
- an economic system combining private and public enterprise.
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Model T (tin lizzie)
- Model T, automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance.
78
Moonshine
- illicitly distilled or smuggled liquor.
79
Mustard gas
- The most commonly used gas in WWI was mustard gas. In pure liquid form this is colourless, but in WWI impure forms were used, which had a mustard colour with an odour reminiscent of garlic or horseradish
80
Nagasaki
- Nagasaki was chosen as a target for the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan by the United States in World War II.
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Nationalism
- identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations. Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people.
82
Natural Resources Mobilization Act
- an Act passed in 1940 enabling the government to do whatever was necessary for the war effort, it was amended in 1942 to allow conscription
83
Nazi
- A member of a German political party that controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945 under Adolf Hitler. Evil people who want to use power to control and harm other people especially because of their race, religion, etc. The explicit reason was to swiftly end the war with Japan. But it was also intended to send a message to the Soviets.
84
NFB
National Film Board established 1939 its mandate was to produce and distribute and to promote the production and distribution of films designed to interpret Canada to Canadians and to other nations
85
No man’s land
- disputed ground between the front lines or trenches of two opposing armies.
86
Non Confidence Vote
- a formal vote by which the members of a legislature or similar deliberative body indicate that they no longer support a leader, government, etc.
87
NRMA
- King introduced the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA), which called for a national registration of eligible men and authorised conscription for home defence. From April 1941 the young men called up were required to serve for the rest of the war on home defence duties.
88
Nuremberg Laws
- The Nuremberg Laws were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews.
89
Operation Barbarossa
- Operation Barbarossa was the codename for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII. On June 22, 1941, Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, codenamed Operation Barbarossa. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler predicted a quick victory, but after initial success, the brutal campaign dragged on and eventually failed due to strategic blunders and harsh winter weather, as well as a determined Soviet resistance and attrition suffered by German forces.
90
Operation Dynamo
- Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk, involved the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers from the French port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The evacuation, sometimes referred to as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was a big boost for British morale.
91
Operation Fortitude
- Operation Fortitude, during World War II, an Allied deception operation that was intended to make Nazi Germany's high command believe that the main Allied invasion of Europe in 1944 would not be at Normandy
92
Operation Husky
- Operation Husky was the unlikely codename for the invasion of Sicily by Allied forces in the summer of 1943. The operation, which got off to a disastrous start, lasted for six weeks. It was an important action because it marked the beginning of the Italian Campaign. It was a massive amphibious assault on the southern shores of the island. It proved successful, and German resources were shifted to the islands of Sardinia and Corsica
93
Operation Jubilee
Operation Jubilee or the Dieppe Raid (19 August 1942) was an Allied amphibious attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe in northern France, during the Second World War. Over 6,050 infantry, predominantly Canadian, supported by a regiment of tanks, were put ashore from a naval force operating under protection of Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters. Aerial and naval support was insufficient to enable the ground forces to achieve their objectives; the tanks were trapped on the beach and the infantry was largely prevented from entering the town by obstacles and German fire. After less than six hours, mounting casualties forced a retreat. The operation was a fiasco in which only one landing force achieved its objective and some intelligence including electronic intelligence was gathered
94
Operation Overlord
- Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August. The Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha, the British at Sword and Gold, and the Canadians at Juno. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted Operation Bodyguard, a substantial military deception that used electronic and visual misinformation to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings.
95
Operation Retribution
- Operation Retribution, also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact. The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II. The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (VVKJ) had only 77 modern fighter aircraft available to defend Belgrade against the hundreds of German fighters and bombers that struck in the first wave early on 6 April.
96
Operation Sea Lion
- Operation Sea Lion was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. The plan began in 1940. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion. Operation Sea Lion could never have succeeded even if the forces of Operation Barbarossa had been redirected for many reasons. In order for Operation Sea Lion to have succeeded the Germans would have needed to destroy the Royal Air Force and win The Battle of Britain - which they didn't.
97
Pacifist
- a person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable.
98
Panzer
- A series of battle tanks fielded by the German army in the 1930s and '40s.
99
Pearl Harbour
- Japan bombed Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941
100
Person’s Case
- The Persons Case was a landmark case in two respects. The case established that Canadian women were eligible to be appointed senators and also established that the Canadian constitution should be interpreted in a way that was more consistent with the needs of society
101
Plebiscite
- A plebiscite on conscription was held in Canada on 27 April 1942. It was held in response to the Conservative Party lobbying Mackenzie King to introduce compulsory overseas military service, the government having previously promised not to introduce the same in 1940.
102
Prohibition Law
- the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933.
103
Prosperity (+cycle)
- in the 1920s the ability to produce and distribute goods on a mass scale, aided by technological development and federal policies favouring industry, brought about a stabilisation of the economy that led to wide prosperity.
104
Radar
Radar - Radar, which is essentially “seeing” with radio waves, found dozens of other uses in the war. It was used to aim searchlights, then to aim anti-aircraft guns. It was put on ships, where it was used to navigate at night and through fog, to locate enemy ships and aircraft, and to direct gunfire.
105
RAF
- The Royal Air Force's (RAF) bombing offensive against Nazi Germany was one of the longest, most expensive and controversial of the Allied campaigns during the Second World War. Its aim was to severely weaken Germany's ability to fight, which was central to the Allies' strategy for winning the war.
106
Rationing
- allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).
Rationing was a means of ensuring the fair distribution of food and commodities when they were scarce. It began after the start of WW2 with petrol and later included other goods such as butter, sugar and bacon. Ration books were given to everyone in Britain who then registered in a shop of their choice.
107
Recession
- The post–World War I recession was an economic recession that hit much of the world in the aftermath of World War I. After the war ended, the global economy began to decline. In the United States, 1918–1919 saw a modest economic retreat, but the second part of 1919 saw a mild recovery.
108
Relief
Is a military term, that refers to the breaking of a siege
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Relief camp
- the idea of relief camps to provide men with work to fill their days, food, clothing, medical attention, and some compensation to ease tensions.
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Relief Vouchers
- Most of the payment was in the form of vouchers which could be exchanged for food and clothing
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Reparation
- Compensation from a defeated enemy for damages caused by war
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Reservation
- Land set aside by the government for the use of first nations
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Residential School
- a government-supported “school” that takes Inuit and other indigenous children from their homes and forces them to leave behind their cultures.
114
Riding the rails/rods
Riding the rails/rods
115
Ross Rifle
- in the early 20th Century, the Ross rifle, a Canadian-made infantry rifle, was produced as an alternative to the British-made Lee-Enfield rifle. The Ross rifle was used during the First World War, where it gained a reputation as an unreliable weapon among Canadian soldiers.
116
Sapper
A sapper, in the sense first used by the French military, was one who dug trenches to allow besieging forces to advance towards the enemy defensive works and forts, over ground that is under the defenders' musket or artillery fire. This digging was referred to as sapping the enemy fortifications.
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Scapegoat
- Hitler and the Nazis would constantly blame the Jews in Germany anytime something bad would happen or go wrong. He would blame his faults on Jewish people and use them as scapegoats so he wouldn't have to take the blame.
118
Schlieffen Plan
- Schlieffen Plan, battle plan first proposed in 1905 by Alfred, Graf (count) von Schlieffen, chief of the German general staff, that was designed to allow Germany to wage a successful two-front war. Germany, therefore, could eliminate one while the other was kept in check.
119
Scorched earth
- The scorched-earth policy is a military strategy used throughout history, most notably in the European Theater, targeting anything that could prove useful for the enemy in a particular area, and destroying those assets. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Soviet soldiers followed a "scorched earth" policy to hinder the German advance. In this German newsreel footage, German soldiers approach a burning village, one of many destroyed during the invasion of the Soviet Union.
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Security Council
- The Security Council is composed of five permanent members: the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China which were the five main Allied powers in the Second World War. There are also ten non-permanent seats on the Security Council that rotate between different countries every two years.
121
Self-determination
- During World War I, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted the concept of "self-determination," meaning that a nation or a group of people with similar political ambitions can seek to create its own independent government or state.
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Shares
-are units of ownership in a company.
123
Shell Shock
- during World War I, some people saw shell shock as cowardice or malingering. The term "shell shock" was coined by the soldiers themselves. Symptoms included fatigue, tremor, confusion, nightmares and impaired sight and hearing.
124
Sitzkrieg
- The Phoney War, called “Sitzkrieg” in German, was an eight-month period at the start of World War II. No one actually attacked each other and there was no fighting on this front.
125
Socialist
- a believer in a political and economic system in which the means of production and distribution in country are publicly owned and controlled for the benefit of all members of society
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Soft Underbelly
- The “soft underbelly” is a reference to what Winston Churchill described Italy as during WW2, when the Allies were choosing from where to invade Nazi-occupied Europe in 1943.
127
Somme
- The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, was fought during the First World War from 1 July to 18 November 1916. In the summer of 1916 the British launched the largest battle of the war on the Western Front, against German lines. The offensive was one of the bloodiest in human history. Over the course of five months, approximately 1.2 million men were killed or wounded at the Somme.
128
Speakeasy
- place where alcoholic beverages are illegally sold, especially such establishments during Prohibition (1920–33).
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Stalingrad
- Stalingrad was one of the most important battles in WWII, if not in entire human history. It was a catastrophic defeat for the German army, and they never recovered from the battle. The defeat was avoidable. The main reason for the defeat was that Hitler became obsessed with the idea of capturing the city.
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Star of David
- is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles.
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Statute of Westminster
- the law that changed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth, all commonwealth countries tobe considered equal with Britain and able to make their own laws
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Stock Market
-The stock market is where investors buy and sell shares of companies.The stock market crash of 1929, a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression lasted approximately 10 years and affected both industrialised and nonindustrialized countries in many parts of the world. stock market crash of 1929: Black Tuesday.
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Suffrage
- women's suffrage (or franchise) is the right of women to vote in political elections; campaigns for this right generally included demand for the right to run for public office.
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Tariff
- taxes on imported goods
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Temperance-
- the roots of what became Prohibition in 1920 started in the 19th century with the Temperance Movement, principally among women who protested against the abuse of alcohol and how it caused men to commit domestic violence against women.
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The Blitz
- The Blitz was an intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. For eight months the Luftwaffe dropped bombs on London and other strategic cities across Britain.
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The Dole
- is money that a government (especially the British government) gives to people who do not have jobs or who are very poor.
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Total war
- Total war, such as World War I and World War II, mobilises all of the resources of society (industry, finance, labour, etc.) to fight the war. It also expands the targets of war to include any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure.
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Totalitarian
- Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control and regulation over public and private life.
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Treaty of Versailles
- The Versailles Treaty forced Germany to give up territory to Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Poland, return Alsace and Lorraine to France and cede all of its overseas colonies in China, Pacific and Africa to the Allied nations.
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Trench
-Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. From late 1915, the Canadians engaged in a series of hit-and-run assaults on enemy trenches. These raids were meant to kill the enemy, to gather intelligence, and to win control of No Man's Land.
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Trench Foot
- Trench foot or immersion foot is a type of tissue damage caused by prolonged exposure to cold and wet conditions. It leads to swelling, pain, and sensory disturbances in the feet. It can lead to damage to the blood vessels, nerves, skin, and muscle.
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Triple Alliance
- an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
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Triple Entente
- an alliance between France, Britain and Russia
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U-boat
- U-boats were on a mission to destroy merchant vessels carrying supplies to allied forces in order to hinder their war efforts. Aided by intelligence reports on the location, destination, and speed of merchant vessels, the U-boats would search the seas for victims.
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Unconditional surrender
- An unconditional surrender is a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party. German armed forces surrendered unconditionally in the west on May 7 and in the east on May 9, 1945.
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United Nations
- The United Nations was created at the end of World War II as an international peacekeeping organisation and a forum for resolving conflicts between nations. The UN replaced the ineffective League of Nations, which had failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War.
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VE Day
- On May 8, 1945, both Great Britain and the United States celebrate Victory in Europe Day. Cities in both nations, as well as formerly occupied cities in Western Europe, put out flags and banners, rejoicing in the defeat of the Nazi war machine during World War II.
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Verdun
- The Battle of Verdun, the longest engagement of World War I, ends on this day after ten months and close to a million total casualties suffered by German and French troops.
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Veto
- a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action.
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Victory Bond
- the bonds were a loan to the government that could be redeemed with interest after 5,10, or 20 years and were released during 5 different campaigns between 1915 and 1919. In 1915 a hundred million dollars worth of Victory Bonds was issued and quickly purchased.
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Vimy Ridge
- This is where the Canadian Corps showed how professional they truly were.
The Canadians first tried the creeping barrage tactic here and they were extremely successful.
They caught the Germans off guard and did some serious damage on the German front lines.
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VJ Day
- The next day, August 15th, 1945, was proclaimed Victory over Japan Day, although the signing of the official instrument of surrender was not to occur until September 2nd, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. There, representatives of nine Allied nations were present to accept the Japanese surrender.
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WMA
- Start so the government could send Canadians with Axis mainly Japanese Canadians power heritage to Internment Camps because of public want. Also for Conscription
Wehrmacht - The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force).
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War Bride
- The term “war brides” was first used to refer to women who married Canadian servicemen overseas and then later immigrated to Canada after the world wars to join their husbands
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Wartime Elections Act
- the Act gave the vote to the wives, widows, mothers, and sisters of soldiers serving overseas. They were the first women ever to be able to vote in Canadian federal elections and were also a group that was strongly in favour of conscription.
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WCTU
- The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was the largest non-denominational women’s organisation in 19th century Canada. Believing that alcohol abuse was the cause of unemployment, disease, sex work, poverty, violence against women and children, and immorality, the WCTU campaigned for the legal prohibition of all alcoholic beverages
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Weimar Republic
- The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a national assembly after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated.
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Winter War
- On November 30, 1939, following a series of ultimatums and failed negotiations, the Soviet Red Army launched an invasion of Finland with half a million troops. Though vastly outnumbered and outgunned in what became known as the “Winter War,” the Finns had the advantage of fighting on home turf.
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Wolf Pack
- The wolfpack was a convoy attack tactic employed in the Second World War. It was used principally by the U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by the submarines of the United States Navy in the Pacific War.
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Ypres
- Ypres gave its name to three major battles: First Ypres (19 October - 22 November 1914), Second Ypres (21 April - 25 May 1915) and Third Ypres (31 July - 10 November 1917).he Second Battle of Ypres was fought during the First World War from 22 April to 25 May 1915. It was the first major battle fought by Canadian troops in the Great War.
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Zeppelin
- During World War I, the German military made extensive use of Zeppelins as bombers and as scouts, resulting in over 500 deaths in bombing raids in Britain. The defeat of Germany in 1918 temporarily slowed the airship business.
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Zombies
- During the Second World War, the word "zombie" was a derogatory term used to describe soldiers who were enlisted for home defense under the National Resources Mobilization Act instead of for service overseas.
