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A&P 1 > Test Three Module 7 > Flashcards

Test Three Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system consists of: (4)

A
  • The bones of the skeleton
  • Cartilages between bones
  • Ligaments connecting bones
  • Connective tissues surrounding all of these
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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection (e.g. skull, ribs)
  3. Leverage for muscle contractions
  4. Storage of calcium, phosphate
  5. Storage of lipids (yellow bone marrow)
  6. Blood cell production (red bone marrow)
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3
Q

What is stored in the yellow bone marrow?

A

lipids

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4
Q

Bone itself is a _____?

A

tissue

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5
Q

Bone is formally called _____?

A

osseous tissue

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6
Q

Bone or osseous tissue is a type of _____ tissue?

A

supporting connective tissue

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7
Q

Osseous tissue has more extracellular matrix than _____?

A

cells

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8
Q

The extracellular matrix is the _____?

A

solid bone mineral

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9
Q

Bones can be classified and categorized by?

A

(Shape and location)

  1. Shape of individual bone
  2. How the bone tissue is organized in a specific location within a larger bone
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10
Q

Within an individual bone, the osseous tissue/bone can be organized into one of what two ways?

A
  1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

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11
Q

Compact bone is also known as?

A
  • Dense bone

- Cortical bone

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12
Q

_____ bone is the outer layer of bones?

A

Compact

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13
Q

Ho much of compact bone can be space?

A

30%

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14
Q

In compact bone only 5-30% is ____ or ___?

A

pores or spaces

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15
Q

What are mostly the pores or spaces in compact bone?

A

Lacunae and canaliculi holding osteocytes

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16
Q

Compact bone consists of _____of bone grouped together?

A

cylinders

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17
Q

Each cylinder of bone is called an _____?

A

osteon

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18
Q

What is another name for a osteon?

A

Haversian system

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19
Q

Each osteon is made up of concentric rings called ______?

A

lamellae

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20
Q

Spongy bone is also called?

A
  • Cancellous bone

- Trabecular bone

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21
Q

______ bone is the inner layer of all bone?

A

Spongy

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22
Q

Spongy bone is 30-90% _____ created by a lattice of rods and plates?

A

pores

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23
Q

_____ and ____ travel through the spaces in spongy bone and the rest of the space is often filled with re or yellow bone marrow?

A

blood vessels and nerves

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24
Q

In spongy bone, _____ are the small projections of bone that make up the solid part of spongy (trabecular) bone?

A

Trabeculae

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25
Q

Long bones have an additional feature, a ______?

A

Cavity

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26
Q

What is a cavity?

A

Empty of bone but filled with other tissues

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27
Q

In long bones, the ______ is where additional red or yellow bone marrow is kept?

A

Medullary cavity

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28
Q

Where else in bone marrow found?

A

It is kept between trabeculae of spongy bones

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29
Q

In childhood the medullary cavity is filled with ______ bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow

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30
Q

In adulthood all the marrow in the medullary cavity has switched over to _____ bone marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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31
Q

The spongy bone around the medullary cavity still has some _____ marrow in between its trabeculae?

A

Red marrow

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32
Q

_____ marrow is a respiratory of specialized mesenchymal stem cells that have specialized into hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Red bone marrow

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33
Q

In red bone marrow, the ______ stem cells divide and specialize into all the red and white blood cells that will leave bone marrow and enter the blood?

A

hematompoietic stem cells

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34
Q

Most of the developing hematompoietic stem cells will specialize into _____ blood cells, which is why red bone marrow is red?

A

red blood cells

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35
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells can develop into any connective tissue cell type, but _____ stem cells have specialized into a stem cell that will only develop into blood cells?

A

hematopoietic

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36
Q

_____ bone marrow is a repository of mostly adipose tissue (fat)?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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37
Q

As a person ages, the hematopoietic stem cells of red bone marrow are replaced with _____ tissue in the medullary cavities of all the long bones, converting red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow?

A

adipose tissue

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38
Q

Adipose tissue is vaguely _____ colored, which is why it is called yellow bone marrow?

A

Yellow

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39
Q

In adults red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells remains only in spongy bone and only in a few locations: (4)

A
  • In the spongy bone at the ends (heads) of the femur and tibia bones.
  • In the spongy bone of flat bones like the skull bones and ribs.
  • In the spongy bone of the coxal bones.
  • In the spongy bone of the vertebrae.
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40
Q

Bones are osseous tissue, the densest type of _____ connective tissue?

A

supportive connective tissue

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41
Q

Like all connective tissue, _____ tissue consists of interspersed cells in an elaborate extracellular matrix?

A

osseous

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42
Q

Two thirds of bone extracellular matrix is _____?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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43
Q

Hydroxyapatite is _____ that has reacted with _____ to form crystals of hydroxyapatite?

A

Calcum phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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44
Q

The _____ binds up other calcium salts and other ions and incorporates them into the now solid extracellular matrix?

A

hydroxyapatite

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45
Q

One third of bone extracellular matrix is _____?

A

collagen protein fibers

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46
Q

The hydroxyapatite crystals deposit on the _____, creating a solid matrix around them?

A

collagen protein fibers

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47
Q

What are the two things that make up bone extracellular matrix?

A

hydroxyapatite and collagen protein fibers

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48
Q

Cells make up only __% of bone mass?

A

2%

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49
Q

Bone contains what 4 types of cells?

A
  1. osteocytes
  2. osteolasts
  3. osteprogenittor cells
  4. osteoclasts
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50
Q

_____ are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix?

A

osteocytes

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51
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Throughout the bone interior, completely surrounded by solid extracellular matrix

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52
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions from one osteocyte meets up and is joined via _____ to a cytoplasmic extension from a neighboring osteocyte?

A

gap junctions

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53
Q

Osteocytes are found in openings in extracellular matrix called _____?

A

lacunae

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54
Q

If the osteocytes were not in _____, the mineral extracellular matrix would crush them?

A

lacunae

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55
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Canaliculi are not the cellular extensions; they are the tunnels the extensions are found in.

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56
Q

Osteocytes are found between _____ (concentric rings) of osteons and trabeculae?

A

lamellae

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57
Q

_____ do not divide?

A

osteocytes

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58
Q

What are the main functions of osteocytes?

A

+To maintain protein and mineral content of nearby existing extracellular matrix by both removing and replacing nearby extracellular matrix components.

+Osteocytes alter the contents of the bone extracellular matrix on small-scale; other bone cells remove and replace bone mineral on a larger scale.

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59
Q

_____ are immature bone cells that secrete extracellular matrix compounds and build new extracellular matrix in a process called osteogenesis?

A

Osteoblasts

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60
Q

_____ are located in the periosteum the membrane surrounding the exterior of bones and in the endosteum lining medullary canals, central canals, and spongy bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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61
Q

Osteoblasts first lay down _____?

A

osteoid

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62
Q

_____ is extracellular matrix produced by osteoblasts, with collagen and phosphate, but not any calcium?

A

osteoid

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63
Q

Osteoblasts that have secreted enough extracellular matrix to become surrounded by bone mineral and collagen convert to _____?

A

osteocytes

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64
Q

Osteoblasts just _____ bone, don’t actively remove and replace it like osteocytes?

A

build

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65
Q

What does osteoid lack?

A

calcium

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66
Q

_____ is a somatic stem cell that divides to produce two daughter cells, one that remains an osteoprogenitor cell, the other specializes into an osteoblast. The osteoblast will eventually specialize into an osteocyte?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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67
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells assist in _____ repair, but not much in normal growth of intact bones?

A

fracture

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68
Q

_____ stem cells can be converted to osteoprogenitor cells?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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69
Q

What is another name for osteoprogenitor cells?

A

osteogenic cells

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70
Q

_____ cells are giant, multi-nucleate cells?

A

osteoclast

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71
Q

_____ cells secrete protein-digesting enzymes that break down the collagen fibers in bone extracellular matrix?

A

Osteoclast

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72
Q

_____ cells also secrete acids that release the calcium and phosphate in bone extracellular matrix dissolving the bone mineral?

A

Osteoclast

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73
Q

Osteoclast _____ small portions of bone?

A

collapse

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74
Q

This process of using osteoclasts to collapse small portions of bone is called _____ or ____?

A

osteolysis or bone resorption

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75
Q

_____ are not derived from osteoprogenitor cells, but derive from the same hematopoietic stem cells that produce macrophages (white blood cells that engulf & digest pathogens)?

A

osteoclasts

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76
Q

Where are osteoclasts found or located?

A

In the inner layer o the endosteum lining the medullary cavity, central canal, and trabeulae

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77
Q

where are osteocytes found or located?

A

In the lamellae of compact and spongy bone

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78
Q

Where are osteoblasts found or located?

A

in the periosteum lining the outside of bones and in inner layer of the endosteum?

79
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found or located?

A

in the periosteum lining the outside of bones and in the inner layer of the endosteum

80
Q

What are the two “membranes” that line bones?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

81
Q

Periostuem lines _____ bones?

A

outside

82
Q

Endosteum lines_____ bones?

A

Inside

83
Q

Both “membranes”, periosteum and endosteum consist of a layer of _____ over a layer of bone cells without the bone extracellular material around them?

A

irregular dense connective tissue proper

84
Q

The _____ on the exterior surface of bones is a layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper + a layer of bone cells?

A

periosteum

85
Q

The _____ covers the surfaces of all bones regardless of location or bone type?

A

periosteum

86
Q

What are the functions of periostium? (3)

A

+It isolates bone from surrounding tissues.

+Its outer layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper provides a route for blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves to connect to bone.

+Its inner layer of cells (not surrounded by bone mineral) participates in bone growth and repair because it is a layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts – bone cells which build new bone mineral.

87
Q

The _____ is attached tightly to the bone underneath it and allows tight attachment of tendons and ligaments to bones due to its perforating fibers?

A

periosteum

88
Q

What three things do perforating fibers connect?

A

bone, periosteum, ligaments/tendons

89
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

The collagen fibers of the periosteum that extend out of the periosteum and connect

90
Q

These perforating fibers provide a very strong attachment between bones and their _____ or _____?

A

ligaments or tendons

91
Q

The _____ is the layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper plus a layer of bone cells found inside bones?

A

endosteum

92
Q

What does the endosteum line and cover? (3)

A

+It lines the medullary cavity (contains marrow) of long bones.

+It covers trabeculae of spongy bone.

+It lines central canals of compact bone osteons.

93
Q

What is the main difference between endosteum and periosteum/

A

endosteum’s inner layer of bone cells has osteoclasts,(not found in periosteum), as well as osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts (are found in periosteum.).

94
Q

_____ is active in bone growth, bone repair, and bone remodeling because its inner layer houses osteoclasts as well as osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells ?

A

Endosteum

95
Q

_____ outside bones only have osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts next to its irregular dense connective tissue proper layer?

A

periosteum

96
Q

What two cells are involved in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast

97
Q

_____ Dismantle some bone existing extracellular matrix, but _____ deposit some new bone extracellular matrix around existing extracellular matrix?

A

osteoclast / osteoblast

98
Q

What happens during bone remodeling?

A

Bones extracellular matrix is removed and then immediately replaced

99
Q

When bone _____ is maintained the extent of bone dismantling by osteoclasts is balanced by the extent of bone deposition by osteoblasts?

A

homeostasis

100
Q

In a young adult, approximately _____ of all bone is removed and replaced each year without significant changes in total bone mass?

A

1/5th

101
Q

Removal of bone by _____ is balanced by equal amounts of new bone formation by ______?

A

osteoclasts / osteoblasts

102
Q

_____ such as lead, strontium, cobalt, uranium, plutonium can be “accidentally” incorporated into new bone if too abundant in the body?

A

heavy metals

103
Q

_____ are also known for building brand new bone?

A

osteoblasts

104
Q

_____ do not dismantle any extracellular matrix, only add to it?

A

osteoblasts

105
Q

If osteoblast bone deposition outpaces osteoclast bone removal the net result is _____?

A

bone growth

106
Q

osteoblast are found both in _____ outside of bone and in the _____ inside of bone, so growth can occur outwards and inwards?

A

periosteum and endosteum

107
Q

_____ are also involved in the dismantling existing bone?

A

osteoclasts

108
Q

Some bones change shape during growth so _____ needed to dismantle unneeded sections?

A

osteoclasts

109
Q

If the body’s calcium ion levels are too low, osteoclasts will be signaled to dismantle bone to release _____ that can be taken up by cells throughout the body that need it?

A

calcium

110
Q

If osteoblast activity drops below osteoclast activitym there is _____?

A

net bone loss

111
Q

_____ bones becomes thicker and stronger?

A

heavily stressed (ex. exercise)

112
Q

The _____ induces osteoblasts to build extra bone?

A

stress

113
Q

Bone _____ quickly, up to one third on bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity probably because of lower _____ activity?

A

degenerates and osteoblast

114
Q

Compact bone mostly consists of _____ of bone grouped together?

A

cylinders

115
Q

Each cyclinder in compact bone is called an ______?

A

Osteon or haversion system

116
Q

Interior of compact bone consists of many _____ stacked on top of each other?

A

osteons

117
Q

The bone in each osteon is arranged in concentric circles, each circle is a _____?

A

concentric lamella

118
Q

Where are osteocytes found in osteons?

A

they are found at the edges of lamellae

119
Q

What is the central canal?

A

It is the tunnel in the center of each osteon

120
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A

Blood vessels and nerves that penetrate the compact bone

121
Q

What lines the central canal?

A

Endosteum

122
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

they travel perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels into deeper bone, eventually reaching spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the center of long bones

123
Q

Within the concentric lamellae of osteons, the collagen protein fibers in the bone ecm ______?

A

run up the osteon and run at a slant

124
Q

The partially dismantled osteons are called _____?

A

interstitial lamellae

125
Q

Intact osteons are partially dismantled by _____ creating irregularly shaped interstitial lamellae?

A

osteoclasts

126
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Partially dismantled osteons

127
Q

On the outer surfaces and the most inner surfaces of bones is _____ that circle the entire bone?

A

circumferential lamellae

128
Q

_____ bone does not have true osteons?

A

spongy bone

129
Q

The tissue forms an open web like network of _____ which are the threads that make up the solid portions of spongy bone?

A

trabeculae

130
Q

Each _____ has concentric rings of lamellae similar to the make up of an osteon but without a central canal?

A

trabeculae

131
Q

What do trabeculae lack that is found in osteons?

A

Central canals

132
Q

Trabeculae have no ____ or no _____?

A

central canal or blood vessels

133
Q

But the spaces between trabecular have _____, _____, and _____ that travel from perforating canals in compact bone?

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

134
Q

Trabeculae are covered with ____ the connective tissue + bone cells wrapper that also line central canals in compact bone?

A

endosteum

135
Q

The remaining spaces (not filled with blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves) between trabeculae are filled with _____ ?

A

bone marrow

136
Q

Initially _____ bone marrow fills the spaces in spongy bone, where new red and white blood cells are formed?

A

red

137
Q

In later life, some red bone marrow is replaced with _____ which mostly consists of fat in the form of adipocytes?

A

yellow bone marrow

138
Q

What are some nutritional factors needed for normal bone growth? (3)

A

+A dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts
+Plus small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese
+and various vitamins

139
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

140
Q

How do we get vitamin D3?

A

it is produced in skin using UV light or obtained through diet

141
Q

What is vitamin D3 use?

A

Its used to produce the hormone calcitriol, which allows the body’s cells to take up ca2+ efficiently

142
Q

Why do bone cells need to take up Ca2+?

A

in order to deposit it in osteoid and solidify into true bone

143
Q

What is rickets?

A

When developing bones of legs do not have enough calcium to solidify entirely, bend under weight of body

144
Q

What is required for collagen sythesis?

A

vitamin C

145
Q

What is required for stimulation of differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in osteoblast?

A

vitamin C

146
Q

What cause scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

147
Q

What are symptoms of scurvy?

A

Bleading, hair and tooth loss, joint pain, fatigue, and eventually death

148
Q

What stimulates osteoclast activity, necessary for proper bone remodeling?

A

vitamin A

149
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes blindness?

A

vitamin A

150
Q

Vitamin A also affects ____ but eyes are more noticeably affected?

A

bones

151
Q

What vitamin is necessary for proper osteoblast activity?

A

vitamin K

152
Q

What vitamin deficiency cause hemophilia and lower bone density?

A

vitamin K

153
Q

______ deficiency results in less bone growth, but it is also necessary for blood clotting, so a _____ deficiency is more noticeable for producing excess bleeding?

A

vitamin K

154
Q

What 5 hormones are needed for bone growth and maintenance?

A
  1. Calcitriol
  2. Growth hormones
    3, Thyroxine
  3. Estrogens and adrogens
  4. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
155
Q

Where is calcitriol produce and from what?

A

produced from vitamin D3 in kidneys

156
Q

What does calcitriol help?

A

helps in calcium, phosphate absorption in digestive tract

157
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

in pituitary gland, stimulates protein synthesis & cell growth in all cells, including osteoblasts

158
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

in the thyroid gland and stimulates osteoblasts

159
Q

What do estrogens and androgens do?

A

Stimulate osteoblast

160
Q

What do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone do?

A

regulate calcium and phosphate levels

161
Q

As an embryo starts developing, most of the bones in the skeleton are initially made out of _____?

A

hyaline cartilage

162
Q

When does cartilage start to gradually convert from cartilage to bone?

A

after the embryo develops into a fetus

163
Q

What are most bones initially made from during fetal development?

A

cartilage

164
Q

The fetus’ cartilage is replace by bone in a process known as _____?

A

endochondral ossification

165
Q

What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. A skeletal component is made of cartilage.
  2. Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) die.
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells move in.
  4. Osteoprogenitor cells convert to osteoblasts.
  5. Osteoblasts replace cartilage extracellular matrix with bone extracellular matrix.
  6. Osteoblasts surround themselves with bone mineral and convert to osteocytes.
166
Q

Growth in long bone is both in ______ and _____?

A

width and length

167
Q

To allow lengthwise growth in long bones there is an _____?

A

epiphyseal plate

168
Q

Where are the epiphysis?

A

on either end of the long bone

169
Q

Where is diaphysis?

A

on the shaft of the bone, between the 2 epiphysis on each end of long bone

170
Q

The _____ is a band of cartilage near each end (epiphysis) of any long bone? AKA the growth plate?

A

epiphyseal plate

171
Q

After birth, the _____ is the site at which length is added to long bones?

A

epiphyseal plate

172
Q

What are the 3 steps that the epiphyseal plate allow long bone to add length after birth?

A
  1. At the side of the epiphyseal plate closer to the end of the bone, chondrocytes in the cartilage produce more cartilage.
  2. On the side of the epiphyseal plate closer to the shaft of the bone, osteoblasts remove cartilage and replace it with bone mineral (called calcification).
  3. It lengthens the bone without lengthening the epiphyseal plate.
173
Q

Once a person reaches adulthood and stops growing, the entire epiphyseal plate is converted to _____ (calcified) and all that remains is an epiphyseal line, still visible in X-rays or by direct examination?

A

compact bone

174
Q

What are some of the bones that never start out as cartilage and develop later by intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bone of skull , clavicle, and mandible

175
Q

Name the 6 steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Dense connective tissue proper forms in the region that will later be bone.
  2. Messenchymal stem cells from the connective tissue convert to osteoprogenitor cells that line the inner layer of the connective tissue.
  3. The osteoprogenitor cells convert to osteoblasts.
  4. The osteoblasts lay down bone mineral.
  5. Osteoblasts surround themselves with bone mineral and convert to osteocytes.
  6. Most of the connective tissue is replaced with bone, but the outer layer becomes periosteum.
176
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

The condition where bone density is less the optimal

177
Q

Bones become thinner and weaker with age s part of the _____?

A

normal aging process

178
Q

When do most people start to experience osteopenia?

A

between the ages of 30 and 40

179
Q

Why does osteopenia happen?

A

Because osteoblast activity starts to drop and less new bone is made, but osteoclast activity remains steady and bone removal starts outpacing bone productions

180
Q

Once osteopenia has started, women lose __% of bone mass per decade and men lose __%?

A

8% and 3%

181
Q

What is most affected by osteopenia?

A

the ends of long bones, the vertebrae, and jaws

182
Q

What are some results of the ends of long bones, the vertebrae, and jaws being the most affected by ostoepenia?

A

Fragile bones, reduction in height, and tooth loss

183
Q

What is not a symptom of osteopenia?

A

Kyphosis or dowager humps

184
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

severe bone loss that adversely affects normal function

185
Q

What age does osteoporosis mostly occur?

A

over age 45

186
Q

What is osteoporosis linked to?

A

Linked to the drop in estrogens (in women post-menopause) and androgens (in men not dramatic until post-60s) with age

187
Q

_____ is extreme osteopenia?

A

Osteoporosis

188
Q

What test, test bone mineral density?

A

DEXA test

189
Q

What do angrogens and estrogens stimulate?

A

osteoblast

190
Q

So when androgen and estrogen levels drop with age, ____ keep removing bone, but osteoblasts are slower to replace it?

A

osteoclasts

191
Q

What can cause kyphosis or dowager humps?

A

osteoporosis weakening the vertebrae in backbone and leading to them cracking and compressing

192
Q

______ can weaken vertebrae in backbone and lead to them cracking and compressing?

A

osteoporosis

193
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

An extreme forward rounding of the back

194
Q

Dowager humps are more common in _____ than _____ because osteoporosis is more common in older _____?

A

women / men / women

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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