Test Three Module 6 Flashcards
What is the Integument?
The protective outer covering on an organism (the rind on a fruit)
What are 3 examples of integument?
- The rind on a fruit
- The exoskeleton on an insect
- The skin on an animal
What is the integument on an insect?
The exoskeleton
The integument is one _____, because it involves many tissues acting together?
one organ
The integument is associated with other organs that are appendages or accessories on the integument such as? (4)
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Nails, feathers (on birds)
The combination of the human integument (skin) and its appendages makes up the _____?
Integumentary organ system
The integumentary organ system is _____ of the human body?
largest organ system
what is the largest organ system in the human body?
integumentary organ system
What are the 8 functions of the integumentary system?
- protects underlying tissues and organs
- excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (via glands)
- assists in maintaining body temperture (via adipose insulation to prevent hear loss and evaporation thorugh glands to produce cooling when necessary)
- Synthesizes vitamin D3
- Stores lipids when body takes in more food energy than is needed to power body
- Produces melanin to protect against UV light
- Produces keratin to prevent damage through abrasion and ensure a water-tight seal
- Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most of the human integumentary organ system is made up of skin, also known as the _____?
Cutaneous Membrane
The skin (the cutaneous membrane) is made up of how many layers?
2
The skin (cutaneous membrane) is made up of what 2 layers?
The epidermis and Dermis
What is the layer of skin that is the outermost layer to the skin, made up of epithelial tissue?
Epidermis
What is the under layer of skin that is made up of connective tissue?
Dermis
What is the lower layer of the skin?
The dermis
The subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin, but is part of the _____?
Integumentary system
Under the dermis layer is another layer called the?
Hypodermis
The hypodermis is also known as the _____ or the _____?
subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia
The hypodermis is made up of ________?
loose connective tissue proper
The hypodermis is not _____ but is part of the integumentary system?
considered part of the skin or cutaneous layer
______ injections are injections into the hypodermis, below the skin proper?
“Hypodermic”
What layer of skin is the most superficial tissue layer in skin?
Epidermis
The epidermis is largely epithelial tissue and is considered a layer of _____?
Stratified squamous epithelia
A few cells found in the epidermis are not _____ cells but most are?
epithelial
The layers of epidermal epithelial cells are subdivided into sections or _____ based on their physical appearance within the tissue?
strata
Each stratum or layer is made up of layers of mostly _____ cells?
epithelial
Most of the cells in all the strata are ______ cells, but they look slightly different the higher you go in the epidermis?
epithelial
What are the two kinds of epidermis based on how many strata are found?
Thick and thin epidermis
How many strata does thin epidermis/skin have?
Four strata of epithelial cells
How many strata does thick epidermis/skin have?
Five strata of epithelial cells
How thick is thin epidermis/skin?
about 0.08 mm thick (saran wrap)
How thick is thick epidermis/skin?
about 0.5 mm thick (paper towel) (6x thick than thin)
Thin epidermis is found?
in most parts of the body
Thick epidermis is found?
on palms and soles of feet
Thin epidermis often dips to form _____ ?
hair follicles
Thick epidermis do not include _____ like thin epidermis?
hair follicles
Skin is epidermis and dermis together, and they sit on top of the ______?
hypodermis
And, both “thick” and “thin” skin have much wider dermis and hypodermis layers than ______?
epidermis
What is the 4 strata in thin skin/epidermis?
Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
What are the 5 strata found in thick skin/epidermis?
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum
What is the most superficial strata?
Stratum corneum
What is the extra strata not found in thin epidermis/skin?
Stratum lucidum
What is the deepest stratum?
Stratum germinativum
What contributes most to the extra thickness of thick epidermis?
More layers in startum corneum
The extra thickness of thick epidermis is more due to extra large size of one of the most outer stratum that is called _____, rather having an additional (fifth) stratum (which is not very thick) over thin epidermis?
Stratum corneum
The _____ is the innermost/deepest stratum in epidermis (one layer thick, usually) and contains mostly basal cells?
Stratum germinativum
About ___% of the cells in the stratum germinativum are basal cells?
70%
____ are the epithelial stem cells found in the epidermis?
Basal cells
What is the name of the stem cells of the epidermis?
Basal cells
As adult stem cells, ______ divide into two daughter cells, one of which remains a stem cell, and the other of which specializes?
basal cells
When basal cells in stratum germinativum divide, _____ cells are always created on top of bottom layer of cells, pushing all other layers up. They divide into top and bottom daughter cells, not left and right?
daughter
The lower daughter cell remains a _____ & the upper daughter cell usually becomes a ______ like most of the other epithelial cells?
stem cell and keratinocyte
Where do epidermal cells germinate?
The stratum germinativum
Basal cells in the stratum germinativum are more cuboidal than squameous, but epidermis is considered _____ because the most apical (highest) cells are very squamous?
Squamous stratified epithelium
What do you look at to determine the shape of the stratified epithelium?
Most apical shape
As the most basolateral layer of cells in an epithelium, basal cells in stratum germinativum are attached via cell-adhesion proteins to the _______ protein fibers below them, which in turn is attached to the connective tissue fibers of the dermis layer below it?
basement membrane
The stratum germinativum is _____ where it attaches to the basement membrane, which blends into the connective tissue of the ______?
wavy and dermis
Finger projections of epidermis “down” into dermis are called _____?
epidermal ridges
Finger projections of dermis “up” into epidermis are called _____?
dermal papillae
The _____ and ______ projections serve to increase the area of attachment between the two layers, allowing for more cell adhesion proteins?
epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
The more cell adhesion proteins means the _____ the connection?
stronger
Most of the basal cells in the stratum germinativum give rise to daughter cells that develop into _____ cells (“skin cells”), but some develop into another specialised cell called a Merkel cell?
keratinocyte
Where do merkel cells stay?
In the stratum germinativum and they are not pushed to the higher layer
About 5% of the cells in the stratu germinativum are _____ cells?
merkel cells
What cells are most abundant in touch sensitive areas like finger tips?
merkel cells
How do merkel cells allow you to relay info about touch?
Merkel cells are connected to neurons and are involved in relaying information about touch
What is is it called when merkel cells are involved in relaying info about touch?
mechanosensation
The neurons attached to merkel cells com up through the _____ and dont enter the _____?
dermis and epidermis
What is the only mechanoreceptors (touch receptors) in the epidermis?
Merkel cells
About 25% of the cells in the stratum germanitivum are _____?
melanocytes
What cells are specialized cells that produce amounts of the pigment molecule melanin?
Melanocytes
_____ cells are scattered throughout stratum germinativum, but they have cell extensions that reach into higher /more superficial strata?
melanocytes
melanocytes synthesis the pigment melanin, a yellow-brown or black pigment in special organelles called _____?
melansomes
Melanocytes do not arise from basal cells?
Melanocytes
_____ are specialized nervous system cells that move into the epidermis during embryonic development?
Melanocytes
What are the 3 types of cells in the deepest/lowest stratum of the epidermis?
- basal cells
- merkel cells
- melanocytes
____ are the adult stem cells?
basal cells
_____ are the cells that detect pressure/touch and send signals to the nervous system?
merkel cells
_____ are the cells that produce the pigment melanin and distribute it to cells in the higher strata of the epidermis?
melanocytes
Most of the cells in the epidermis are _____?
keratinocytes
Most cells that arise from division of basal cells in stratum germinativum will develop into _____ cells?
keratinocytes
_____ are mature “skin cells” that dominates the epidermis, arising from the specialization of a basal cell as it is pushed up into higher strata of the epidermis?
keratinocytes
The highest strata of the epidermis contains dead _____?
keratinocytes
The lower strata contain living ______?
keratinocytes
What are mature epidermal cells called?
keratinocytes
The outer layer of the skin is the ______ stratum of the epidermis, which are dead packets of protein fibers?
highest
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______, containing dead, tightly connected, membrane-bound packages of keratin and keratohyalin?
stratum corneum
The deepest layer of the epidermis is _____, containing epithelial stem cells, mostly (plus Merkel cells and melanocytes) ?
stratum germinativum
_____ cells are a type of immune white blood cell that has left the blood and moved into the middle strata of the epidermis?
Langerhans
_____ cells do not combat or destroy foreign invaders, like other immune cells?
Langerhans
_____ cells engulf bits of everything that comes near them?
Langerhans
_____ cells have numerous projections to increase their reach to spots in the epidermis around them?
Langerhans
With epithelia what are the 5 main cell types?
basal cells keratinocytes melanocytes merkel cells langerhans cells
The _____ is the most superficial layer of the epidermis, making up the exposed surface of the skin?
stratum corneum
The _____ is the “horn layer”?
stratum corneum
How often do the dead tightly connected keratinocytes that make up the stratum corneum shed and get replaced?
every 2 weeks
How many days does it take a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum?
15-30 days
What is the oily waxy lipid-rich substance secreted by sebaceous glands onto the skin along the outside of hairs?
sebum
Sebum contains mostly?
lipids- fatty acids, cholesterol, waxes, and other lipid molecules
What makes skin water resistant but not water proof?
sebum
What is insensible perspiration?
water from the interstitial fluid in epidermis lost through evaporation out of the stratum corneum (uncontrolled water loss through tiny spaces between dead keratinocytes in the stratum corneum)
What is uncontrolled water loss through tiny spaces between dead keratinocytes in stratum corneum?
insensible perspiration
What are blisters?
the accumulation of fluid in between layers of cells in epidermis when connections between keratinocyte layers are damaged, for instance from friction
What happens to skin in hypotonic solutions?
The epidermis swells where the epidermis is thickest (hands and feet) causing pruney hands and toes when placed in a hypotonic solution
What happens in severe burns?
the stratum corneum severely damaged and cannot serve as a water resistant barrier
What are 3 things that happen in severe burns?
- insensible perspiration increases dramatically
- dehydration a great risk
- infection a great risk since stratum corneum not a microbial barrier anymore
What are the 3 components that determine skin color?
- blood in the dermis
- carotene pigment in the epidermis and hypodermis
- melanin pigment in the epidermis
The absence of significant amounts of melanin and carotene pigments in the epidermis, the skin has a _____ hue because of the blood being delivered to the dermis below the epidermis?
pinkish
Anything that increases blood flow to the dermis causes the skin to _____ because increased amounts of blood traveling through the dermis show through the epidermis?
flush red
Anything that decreases blood flow to the dermis causes skin to _____?
lighten
What are a few causes for paleness associated with reduced blood flow to the skin?
cold, fear, or blood loss
Anything that causes the blood flow to the dermis to deoxygenate causes skin to turn _____?
blue
Oxygenated blood is ____ and deoxygenated blood is _____ ?
lighter (red-ish) and darker red (but appears blue-ish when viewed through the skin)
What is cyanosis?
whenever the skin turns bluish in color
What is the yellow orange pigment that only plants not animals can make?
Carotene
Who can animals and us humans get carotene?
We must obtain it from our diet
What can carotene be converted into?
It can be converted into vitamin A and used by cells but once it is no longer a pigment once it is in the vitamin A form
Some of the carotene from your diet is deliver by blood to _____ cells in the skin and to _____ in the hypodermics below the skin?
Epidermal cells and adipocytes
What pigment gives skin a yellow to orange tinge if it’s not overpowered by large amounts of melanin?
Carotene
Asian and Native American populations tend to have more ______ in the epidermis?
Carotene
What vegetable has a lot of carotene?
Carrots
If a pale person eats a lot of carrots what will happen?
If a person eats excess quantities of carotene it will build up in the epidermis giving them an orange look
What is the dark pigment?
Melanin
Where is melanin made?
In the melanocyte cells in the stratum germinativum of the epidermis
The melanocytes produce melanin pigment and store it in organelles called _____ ?
Melanosomes
What are melanosomes?
Membrane bounce packages of melanin
What are the cellular packages of melanin called?
Melanosomes
What does melanin do?
It’s helps protect keratinocytes against UV radiation in sunlight
What does UV light do?
It can damage DNA if it reaches the nuclei of skin cells and can cause potentially dangerous mutations
The more mutations in a cells DNA the greater the risk that the cell will start to grow uncontrollably and become _____?
Cancerous
What cells are at greater risk for mutation from UV rays?
Cells in the epidermis
UV rays can only penetrate as deep as the _____?
Skin
Can UV rays penetrate as deep at the dermis layer?
Yes but the dermis is connective tissue with more extracellular material than cells so there is little risk of mutations in the dermis cells DNA
If the melanin in the epidermis does not capture all the UV light hitting the skin the uncleared cells in the lower start can undergo _____?
Mutations
Mutations in the skin from UV light can lead to what three types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
What is basal cell carcinoma?
When a basal cell turns cancerous and grows out of control (it is easy to remove and rarely spreads)
What is squamous cell carcinoma ?
When a squamous cell keratinocytes turns cancerous and grows out of control (easy to remove and rarely spreads)
What is melanoma?
When a melanocyte turns cancerous and grows out of control (hard to remove and spreads extensively)
What type of skin cancer from UV light is hard to remove and spreads extensively?
Melanoma
Do albinos have melanocytes and melanosomes?
Yes they have then but can’t synthesize melanin
The differences in skin shades attributable to melanin are the result of 3 difference in:
- How fast melanin is made in melanocytes
- How many melanosomes a melanocyte releases
- How long they last once delivered to keratinocytes
People with darker skin make more _____ with more ____ from the same number of melanocytes as people with lighter skin?
Melanosomes and melanin
People with darker skin their ____ lasts longer before it is degraded by the keratinocytes?
Melanin
What are the 2 types of melanin?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin
What is eumelanin?
Melanin that has a brown-black pigment
What is pheomelanin?
Melanin that has a red-yellow pigment
How would you order these from weakest to strongest by how they affect our skin color?
Blood , melanins, and carotene
Blood < carotene < melanins
People with red lips, nipples, genitals in those areas means their melanocytes produce mostly what type of melanin?
Pheomelanin
The UV light from tanning induces the _____ to produce more melanin and to realize more melanosomes?
Melanocytes
Why do some people who stay in the sun a lot have leathery skin?
Because UV light exposure induces the stratum Cornell of epidermis to thicken
Why would people who stay in the sun a lot also loose elasticity in skin (which can cause wrinkles)?
Because UV light exposure also damages elastic fibers and collagen fibers in dermis which reduces the elasticity of skin
What is a benefit of UV light?
UV light makes epidermal cells produce vitamin D3 and export it to the blood
The liver and kidney convert vitamin F3 into _____ which aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus into bone?
Calcitriol
Insufficient vitamin D3 can cause _____ due to lack of calcitriol?
Rickets
What causes rickets?
Not enough vitamin D3 which can cause lack of calcitriol
Where is the dermis located?
Between the epidermis and hypodermis
What 2 components make up the dermis?
Papillary layer and reticular layer
What is the reticular layer?
The layer below the papillary layer and above the hypodermis
What is the papillary layer?
The layer closer to the epidermis
Which way do the epidermal ridge go?
Down
Which way do the dermal papilla go?
Up
The papillary layer consist of what kind of connective tissue?
Areolar loose connective tissue proper and loosely interwoven collagen protein fibers and elastin protein
The reticular layer consist of what connective tissue
Irregular sense connective tissue proper with more tightly woven collagen fibers and elastic protein fibers than the papillary layer
What is lines of cleavage referring to?
Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis that are arranged in parallel bundles
What is a plexus?
Wherever blood vessels branch out
What are the plexuses found in the dermis of the skin called?
Dermal plexuses
Nerve fibers extend throughout the dermis controlling what 3 things?
Blood flow
Gland secretion
Sensory receptors
What are the 4 main sensory receptors?
Merkel discs
Tactile corpusles
Lamellated corpusles
Bulbous corpusles
What strata layer are merkel discs in?
Stratum germinativum
What is the only skin sensory receptors in the epidermis?
Merkel discs
Where are tactile corpusles found?
In the dermis near a dermal papillae
What are tactile corpusles made of?
Connective tissue and contains many nerve endings
Where are lamellated corpusles located?
In the dermis but deeper than tactile corpusles
What are lamellated corpusles made of?
Capsules of 20-60 layers of connective tissue around the ending of a single nerve cell
Where is the bulbous corpusles located?
In the dermis deeper than tactile corpulses nearer lamellated corpusles
What are bulbous corpusles made of?
Oblong capsules of connective tissue whose collagen fibers are wrapped up with many nerve endings
What is the hypodermis made of?
Areolar loose connective tissue proper and adipose connective tissue proper mixed together
What is the function of the hypodermis?
It stabilizes the skin with respect to underlying tissues
What is another named for the hypodermis?
Subcutaneous layer
The hypodermis has large blood vessels but has few _____ and no _____?
Few Capillaries and no vital organs
The adipose tissue in hypodermis is known as ______?
Subcutaneous fat
Subcutaneous fat makes up about ____% of body fat?
50%
What are the few places that don’t have hair?
Palms,soles, lips, and portions of external genitalia
What are the 3 hair functions?
- Protect the head from UV light
- Insulted against heat loss
- Acts as a barricade to openings like the eyes, nostrils, and ears
What are the main 2 types of hair?
- Vellus hair
2. Terminal hair
What is vellus hair?
The fine, poorly pigmented hair
What is terminal hair?
The larger, pigmented visible hairs
Where are some places vellus hairs are?
Forehead, ears
Where are some places terminal hairs are located?
Head
What are 3 things hairs also include?
Arrector pili muscle
Nerves attached to the hair root
Capillaries
What is the arrector pili muscle and what is its function?
It is a muscle attached to the hair and it contracts and causes the hair to stand up erect causing goose bumps
Why are nerves attached to the hair root?
To detect changes in position
Why are capillaries included in hair?
They deliver blood to the hair root
The epidermal cells of the hair follicle are covered with what?
Connective tissue proper
The part of the hair extending out of the skin is the?
Hair shaft
The base of the hair follicle is the?
Hair root
Where does hair growth occur?
Hair root
The epidermal cells that line the hair follicle pinch up at the root and in the indentation sits a ball of connective tissue proper called what?
Papilla or dermal papilla
Capillaries and nerves travel through the connective tissue of the?
Follicles papilla
The nerves in the papilla can send what?
Signals about hair movement
The capillaries in the papilla can what?
Supply nutrients and O2 to the basal cells of the epidermis
What are the 2 connective tissue layers associated with hair?
The hair sheath
The papilla
What is the hair sheath?
The wrapper outside the entire follicle
Most hair is colored because it contains the same ______ pigments found in skin?
Melanin
Different colored hair like skin result from different proportions of the 2 melanin molecules called what?
Eumelanin
Pheomelanin
Blonde hair has only small amounts of both _______ and ______ ?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin
White hair has ____ melanin
No melanin
The hair shaft that leaves the skin have what 3 layers?
The cuticle
The cortex
The medula
What is the cuticle?
It is outside and consist of overlapping flat dead keratinocytes
What is the cortex?
It is the middle layer and consists of dead keratinocytes containing melanosomes vesicles with pigment
What is the medula?
It is the innermost layer and consists of dead keratinocytes
What layer of the hair shaft that leaves the skin contains melanin?
The cortex
What 2 layers of the hair shaft that leave the skin do not have melanin?
The cuticle and the medula
What cells provide pigment to the hair?
Melanocytes
What kind of exocrine glands are sebaceous glands?
Holocrine glands
What are sebaceous glands?
Are the exocrine glands that use epithelial lined passages to deliver the sebum to the surface of the epidermis and to coat hairs
What is sebum?
A viscous and oily mixture of fat, cholesterol, proteins, and ions
What does sebum do?
It fights against bacteria and makes surfaces more water resistant especially to invasion of water from isotonic solution
What 2 types of sebaceous glands are there?
Simple sebaceous glands
Sebaceous follicles
What are simple sebaceous glands?
A bulbous gland associated with hair follicles serving to lubricate hair with sebum
Most of skins sebaceous glands are what kind?
Simple sebaceous glands
What are sebaceous follicles?
Also bulbous in shape but discharge directly onto the skin surface not into hair follicles
Where are sebaceous follicles found?
Only on face, chest, nipples, and external genitalia
How do you get pimples
When sebaceous glands get plugged by dead keratinocytes and excess sebum
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?
Apocrine sweat glands
Metro run sweat glands
What are apocrine sweat glands
A highly coiled gland that secretes it’s products into hair follicles
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
In armpits, around nipples, and in groin
Which sweat gland produces sticky cloudy secretions which are oxidized by bacteria and cause odors
Apocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands are controlled by _____ system and ______?
Nervous system and hormones
What are merocrine sweat glands
Coiled tubular glands that discharge directly onto the skin surface
What sweat glands produces a watery solution of water, salts, organic compounds, and anti microbial metabolites?
Merocrine sweat glands
Where are merocrine sweat glands mostly
Palms and soles and everywhere skin is
Which sweat glands is responsible for sensible perspiration?
Merocrine
Sensible perspiration is responsible for what 3 things
Cooling skin
Extracting I wanted stuff
Flushing microorganisms away from skins surfaces
What category of exocrine glands do apocrine and merocrine sweat glands belong
Both merocrine method
Where are the stem cells for the fingernail located?
Nail root
