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A&P 1 > Test Three Module 6 > Flashcards

Test Three Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integument?

A

The protective outer covering on an organism (the rind on a fruit)

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of integument?

A
  1. The rind on a fruit
  2. The exoskeleton on an insect
  3. The skin on an animal
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3
Q

What is the integument on an insect?

A

The exoskeleton

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4
Q

The integument is one _____, because it involves many tissues acting together?

A

one organ

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5
Q

The integument is associated with other organs that are appendages or accessories on the integument such as? (4)

A
  • Hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Nails, feathers (on birds)
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6
Q

The combination of the human integument (skin) and its appendages makes up the _____?

A

Integumentary organ system

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7
Q

The integumentary organ system is _____ of the human body?

A

largest organ system

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8
Q

what is the largest organ system in the human body?

A

integumentary organ system

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9
Q

What are the 8 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protects underlying tissues and organs
  2. excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (via glands)
  3. assists in maintaining body temperture (via adipose insulation to prevent hear loss and evaporation thorugh glands to produce cooling when necessary)
  4. Synthesizes vitamin D3
  5. Stores lipids when body takes in more food energy than is needed to power body
  6. Produces melanin to protect against UV light
  7. Produces keratin to prevent damage through abrasion and ensure a water-tight seal
  8. Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
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10
Q

Most of the human integumentary organ system is made up of skin, also known as the _____?

A

Cutaneous Membrane

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11
Q

The skin (the cutaneous membrane) is made up of how many layers?

A

2

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12
Q

The skin (cutaneous membrane) is made up of what 2 layers?

A

The epidermis and Dermis

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13
Q

What is the layer of skin that is the outermost layer to the skin, made up of epithelial tissue?

A

Epidermis

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14
Q

What is the under layer of skin that is made up of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

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15
Q

What is the lower layer of the skin?

A

The dermis

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16
Q

The subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin, but is part of the _____?

A

Integumentary system

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17
Q

Under the dermis layer is another layer called the?

A

Hypodermis

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18
Q

The hypodermis is also known as the _____ or the _____?

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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19
Q

The hypodermis is made up of ________?

A

loose connective tissue proper

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20
Q

The hypodermis is not _____ but is part of the integumentary system?

A

considered part of the skin or cutaneous layer

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21
Q

______ injections are injections into the hypodermis, below the skin proper?

A

“Hypodermic”

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22
Q

What layer of skin is the most superficial tissue layer in skin?

A

Epidermis

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23
Q

The epidermis is largely epithelial tissue and is considered a layer of _____?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

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24
Q

A few cells found in the epidermis are not _____ cells but most are?

A

epithelial

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25
Q

The layers of epidermal epithelial cells are subdivided into sections or _____ based on their physical appearance within the tissue?

A

strata

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26
Q

Each stratum or layer is made up of layers of mostly _____ cells?

A

epithelial

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27
Q

Most of the cells in all the strata are ______ cells, but they look slightly different the higher you go in the epidermis?

A

epithelial

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28
Q

What are the two kinds of epidermis based on how many strata are found?

A

Thick and thin epidermis

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29
Q

How many strata does thin epidermis/skin have?

A

Four strata of epithelial cells

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30
Q

How many strata does thick epidermis/skin have?

A

Five strata of epithelial cells

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31
Q

How thick is thin epidermis/skin?

A

about 0.08 mm thick (saran wrap)

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32
Q

How thick is thick epidermis/skin?

A

about 0.5 mm thick (paper towel) (6x thick than thin)

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33
Q

Thin epidermis is found?

A

in most parts of the body

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34
Q

Thick epidermis is found?

A

on palms and soles of feet

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35
Q

Thin epidermis often dips to form _____ ?

A

hair follicles

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36
Q

Thick epidermis do not include _____ like thin epidermis?

A

hair follicles

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37
Q

Skin is epidermis and dermis together, and they sit on top of the ______?

A

hypodermis

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38
Q

And, both “thick” and “thin” skin have much wider dermis and hypodermis layers than ______?

A

epidermis

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39
Q

What is the 4 strata in thin skin/epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

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40
Q

What are the 5 strata found in thick skin/epidermis?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
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41
Q

What is the most superficial strata?

A

Stratum corneum

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42
Q

What is the extra strata not found in thin epidermis/skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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43
Q

What is the deepest stratum?

A

Stratum germinativum

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44
Q

What contributes most to the extra thickness of thick epidermis?

A

More layers in startum corneum

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45
Q

The extra thickness of thick epidermis is more due to extra large size of one of the most outer stratum that is called _____, rather having an additional (fifth) stratum (which is not very thick) over thin epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

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46
Q

The _____ is the innermost/deepest stratum in epidermis (one layer thick, usually) and contains mostly basal cells?

A

Stratum germinativum

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47
Q

About ___% of the cells in the stratum germinativum are basal cells?

A

70%

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48
Q

____ are the epithelial stem cells found in the epidermis?

A

Basal cells

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49
Q

What is the name of the stem cells of the epidermis?

A

Basal cells

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50
Q

As adult stem cells, ______ divide into two daughter cells, one of which remains a stem cell, and the other of which specializes?

A

basal cells

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51
Q

When basal cells in stratum germinativum divide, _____ cells are always created on top of bottom layer of cells, pushing all other layers up. They divide into top and bottom daughter cells, not left and right?

A

daughter

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52
Q

The lower daughter cell remains a _____ & the upper daughter cell usually becomes a ______ like most of the other epithelial cells?

A

stem cell and keratinocyte

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53
Q

Where do epidermal cells germinate?

A

The stratum germinativum

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54
Q

Basal cells in the stratum germinativum are more cuboidal than squameous, but epidermis is considered _____ because the most apical (highest) cells are very squamous?

A

Squamous stratified epithelium

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55
Q

What do you look at to determine the shape of the stratified epithelium?

A

Most apical shape

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56
Q

As the most basolateral layer of cells in an epithelium, basal cells in stratum germinativum are attached via cell-adhesion proteins to the _______ protein fibers below them, which in turn is attached to the connective tissue fibers of the dermis layer below it?

A

basement membrane

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57
Q

The stratum germinativum is _____ where it attaches to the basement membrane, which blends into the connective tissue of the ______?

A

wavy and dermis

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58
Q

Finger projections of epidermis “down” into dermis are called _____?

A

epidermal ridges

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59
Q

Finger projections of dermis “up” into epidermis are called _____?

A

dermal papillae

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60
Q

The _____ and ______ projections serve to increase the area of attachment between the two layers, allowing for more cell adhesion proteins?

A

epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

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61
Q

The more cell adhesion proteins means the _____ the connection?

A

stronger

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62
Q

Most of the basal cells in the stratum germinativum give rise to daughter cells that develop into _____ cells (“skin cells”), but some develop into another specialised cell called a Merkel cell?

A

keratinocyte

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63
Q

Where do merkel cells stay?

A

In the stratum germinativum and they are not pushed to the higher layer

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64
Q

About 5% of the cells in the stratu germinativum are _____ cells?

A

merkel cells

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65
Q

What cells are most abundant in touch sensitive areas like finger tips?

A

merkel cells

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66
Q

How do merkel cells allow you to relay info about touch?

A

Merkel cells are connected to neurons and are involved in relaying information about touch

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67
Q

What is is it called when merkel cells are involved in relaying info about touch?

A

mechanosensation

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68
Q

The neurons attached to merkel cells com up through the _____ and dont enter the _____?

A

dermis and epidermis

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69
Q

What is the only mechanoreceptors (touch receptors) in the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells

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70
Q

About 25% of the cells in the stratum germanitivum are _____?

A

melanocytes

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71
Q

What cells are specialized cells that produce amounts of the pigment molecule melanin?

A

Melanocytes

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72
Q

_____ cells are scattered throughout stratum germinativum, but they have cell extensions that reach into higher /more superficial strata?

A

melanocytes

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73
Q

melanocytes synthesis the pigment melanin, a yellow-brown or black pigment in special organelles called _____?

A

melansomes

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74
Q

Melanocytes do not arise from basal cells?

A

Melanocytes

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75
Q

_____ are specialized nervous system cells that move into the epidermis during embryonic development?

A

Melanocytes

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76
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the deepest/lowest stratum of the epidermis?

A
  1. basal cells
  2. merkel cells
  3. melanocytes
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77
Q

____ are the adult stem cells?

A

basal cells

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78
Q

_____ are the cells that detect pressure/touch and send signals to the nervous system?

A

merkel cells

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79
Q

_____ are the cells that produce the pigment melanin and distribute it to cells in the higher strata of the epidermis?

A

melanocytes

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80
Q

Most of the cells in the epidermis are _____?

A

keratinocytes

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81
Q

Most cells that arise from division of basal cells in stratum germinativum will develop into _____ cells?

A

keratinocytes

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82
Q

_____ are mature “skin cells” that dominates the epidermis, arising from the specialization of a basal cell as it is pushed up into higher strata of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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83
Q

The highest strata of the epidermis contains dead _____?

A

keratinocytes

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84
Q

The lower strata contain living ______?

A

keratinocytes

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85
Q

What are mature epidermal cells called?

A

keratinocytes

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86
Q

The outer layer of the skin is the ______ stratum of the epidermis, which are dead packets of protein fibers?

A

highest

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87
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______, containing dead, tightly connected, membrane-bound packages of keratin and keratohyalin?

A

stratum corneum

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88
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis is _____, containing epithelial stem cells, mostly (plus Merkel cells and melanocytes) ?

A

stratum germinativum

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89
Q

_____ cells are a type of immune white blood cell that has left the blood and moved into the middle strata of the epidermis?

A

Langerhans

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90
Q

_____ cells do not combat or destroy foreign invaders, like other immune cells?

A

Langerhans

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91
Q

_____ cells engulf bits of everything that comes near them?

A

Langerhans

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92
Q

_____ cells have numerous projections to increase their reach to spots in the epidermis around them?

A

Langerhans

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93
Q

With epithelia what are the 5 main cell types?

A 
basal cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
merkel cells
langerhans cells
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94
Q

The _____ is the most superficial layer of the epidermis, making up the exposed surface of the skin?

A

stratum corneum

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95
Q

The _____ is the “horn layer”?

A

stratum corneum

96
Q

How often do the dead tightly connected keratinocytes that make up the stratum corneum shed and get replaced?

A

every 2 weeks

97
Q

How many days does it take a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum?

A

15-30 days

98
Q

What is the oily waxy lipid-rich substance secreted by sebaceous glands onto the skin along the outside of hairs?

A

sebum

99
Q

Sebum contains mostly?

A

lipids- fatty acids, cholesterol, waxes, and other lipid molecules

100
Q

What makes skin water resistant but not water proof?

A

sebum

101
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

water from the interstitial fluid in epidermis lost through evaporation out of the stratum corneum (uncontrolled water loss through tiny spaces between dead keratinocytes in the stratum corneum)

102
Q

What is uncontrolled water loss through tiny spaces between dead keratinocytes in stratum corneum?

A

insensible perspiration

103
Q

What are blisters?

A

the accumulation of fluid in between layers of cells in epidermis when connections between keratinocyte layers are damaged, for instance from friction

104
Q

What happens to skin in hypotonic solutions?

A

The epidermis swells where the epidermis is thickest (hands and feet) causing pruney hands and toes when placed in a hypotonic solution

105
Q

What happens in severe burns?

A

the stratum corneum severely damaged and cannot serve as a water resistant barrier

106
Q

What are 3 things that happen in severe burns?

A
  • insensible perspiration increases dramatically
  • dehydration a great risk
  • infection a great risk since stratum corneum not a microbial barrier anymore
107
Q

What are the 3 components that determine skin color?

A
  • blood in the dermis
  • carotene pigment in the epidermis and hypodermis
  • melanin pigment in the epidermis
108
Q

The absence of significant amounts of melanin and carotene pigments in the epidermis, the skin has a _____ hue because of the blood being delivered to the dermis below the epidermis?

A

pinkish

109
Q

Anything that increases blood flow to the dermis causes the skin to _____ because increased amounts of blood traveling through the dermis show through the epidermis?

A

flush red

110
Q

Anything that decreases blood flow to the dermis causes skin to _____?

A

lighten

111
Q

What are a few causes for paleness associated with reduced blood flow to the skin?

A

cold, fear, or blood loss

112
Q

Anything that causes the blood flow to the dermis to deoxygenate causes skin to turn _____?

A

blue

113
Q

Oxygenated blood is ____ and deoxygenated blood is _____ ?

A

lighter (red-ish) and darker red (but appears blue-ish when viewed through the skin)

114
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

whenever the skin turns bluish in color

115
Q

What is the yellow orange pigment that only plants not animals can make?

A

Carotene

116
Q

Who can animals and us humans get carotene?

A

We must obtain it from our diet

117
Q

What can carotene be converted into?

A

It can be converted into vitamin A and used by cells but once it is no longer a pigment once it is in the vitamin A form

118
Q

Some of the carotene from your diet is deliver by blood to _____ cells in the skin and to _____ in the hypodermics below the skin?

A

Epidermal cells and adipocytes

119
Q

What pigment gives skin a yellow to orange tinge if it’s not overpowered by large amounts of melanin?

A

Carotene

120
Q

Asian and Native American populations tend to have more ______ in the epidermis?

A

Carotene

121
Q

What vegetable has a lot of carotene?

A

Carrots

122
Q

If a pale person eats a lot of carrots what will happen?

A

If a person eats excess quantities of carotene it will build up in the epidermis giving them an orange look

123
Q

What is the dark pigment?

A

Melanin

124
Q

Where is melanin made?

A

In the melanocyte cells in the stratum germinativum of the epidermis

125
Q

The melanocytes produce melanin pigment and store it in organelles called _____ ?

A

Melanosomes

126
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Membrane bounce packages of melanin

127
Q

What are the cellular packages of melanin called?

A

Melanosomes

128
Q

What does melanin do?

A

It’s helps protect keratinocytes against UV radiation in sunlight

129
Q

What does UV light do?

A

It can damage DNA if it reaches the nuclei of skin cells and can cause potentially dangerous mutations

130
Q

The more mutations in a cells DNA the greater the risk that the cell will start to grow uncontrollably and become _____?

A

Cancerous

131
Q

What cells are at greater risk for mutation from UV rays?

A

Cells in the epidermis

132
Q

UV rays can only penetrate as deep as the _____?

A

Skin

133
Q

Can UV rays penetrate as deep at the dermis layer?

A

Yes but the dermis is connective tissue with more extracellular material than cells so there is little risk of mutations in the dermis cells DNA

134
Q

If the melanin in the epidermis does not capture all the UV light hitting the skin the uncleared cells in the lower start can undergo _____?

A

Mutations

135
Q

Mutations in the skin from UV light can lead to what three types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

136
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A

When a basal cell turns cancerous and grows out of control (it is easy to remove and rarely spreads)

137
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma ?

A

When a squamous cell keratinocytes turns cancerous and grows out of control (easy to remove and rarely spreads)

138
Q

What is melanoma?

A

When a melanocyte turns cancerous and grows out of control (hard to remove and spreads extensively)

139
Q

What type of skin cancer from UV light is hard to remove and spreads extensively?

A

Melanoma

140
Q

Do albinos have melanocytes and melanosomes?

A

Yes they have then but can’t synthesize melanin

141
Q

The differences in skin shades attributable to melanin are the result of 3 difference in:

A
  1. How fast melanin is made in melanocytes
  2. How many melanosomes a melanocyte releases
  3. How long they last once delivered to keratinocytes
142
Q

People with darker skin make more _____ with more ____ from the same number of melanocytes as people with lighter skin?

A

Melanosomes and melanin

143
Q

People with darker skin their ____ lasts longer before it is degraded by the keratinocytes?

A

Melanin

144
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin and pheomelanin

145
Q

What is eumelanin?

A

Melanin that has a brown-black pigment

146
Q

What is pheomelanin?

A

Melanin that has a red-yellow pigment

147
Q

How would you order these from weakest to strongest by how they affect our skin color?

Blood , melanins, and carotene

A

Blood < carotene < melanins

148
Q

People with red lips, nipples, genitals in those areas means their melanocytes produce mostly what type of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin

149
Q

The UV light from tanning induces the _____ to produce more melanin and to realize more melanosomes?

A

Melanocytes

150
Q

Why do some people who stay in the sun a lot have leathery skin?

A

Because UV light exposure induces the stratum Cornell of epidermis to thicken

151
Q

Why would people who stay in the sun a lot also loose elasticity in skin (which can cause wrinkles)?

A

Because UV light exposure also damages elastic fibers and collagen fibers in dermis which reduces the elasticity of skin

152
Q

What is a benefit of UV light?

A

UV light makes epidermal cells produce vitamin D3 and export it to the blood

153
Q

The liver and kidney convert vitamin F3 into _____ which aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus into bone?

A

Calcitriol

154
Q

Insufficient vitamin D3 can cause _____ due to lack of calcitriol?

A

Rickets

155
Q

What causes rickets?

A

Not enough vitamin D3 which can cause lack of calcitriol

156
Q

Where is the dermis located?

A

Between the epidermis and hypodermis

157
Q

What 2 components make up the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

158
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

The layer below the papillary layer and above the hypodermis

159
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

The layer closer to the epidermis

160
Q

Which way do the epidermal ridge go?

A

Down

161
Q

Which way do the dermal papilla go?

A

Up

162
Q

The papillary layer consist of what kind of connective tissue?

A

Areolar loose connective tissue proper and loosely interwoven collagen protein fibers and elastin protein

163
Q

The reticular layer consist of what connective tissue

A

Irregular sense connective tissue proper with more tightly woven collagen fibers and elastic protein fibers than the papillary layer

164
Q

What is lines of cleavage referring to?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis that are arranged in parallel bundles

165
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Wherever blood vessels branch out

166
Q

What are the plexuses found in the dermis of the skin called?

A

Dermal plexuses

167
Q

Nerve fibers extend throughout the dermis controlling what 3 things?

A

Blood flow
Gland secretion
Sensory receptors

168
Q

What are the 4 main sensory receptors?

A

Merkel discs
Tactile corpusles
Lamellated corpusles
Bulbous corpusles

169
Q

What strata layer are merkel discs in?

A

Stratum germinativum

170
Q

What is the only skin sensory receptors in the epidermis?

A

Merkel discs

171
Q

Where are tactile corpusles found?

A

In the dermis near a dermal papillae

172
Q

What are tactile corpusles made of?

A

Connective tissue and contains many nerve endings

173
Q

Where are lamellated corpusles located?

A

In the dermis but deeper than tactile corpusles

174
Q

What are lamellated corpusles made of?

A

Capsules of 20-60 layers of connective tissue around the ending of a single nerve cell

175
Q

Where is the bulbous corpusles located?

A

In the dermis deeper than tactile corpulses nearer lamellated corpusles

176
Q

What are bulbous corpusles made of?

A

Oblong capsules of connective tissue whose collagen fibers are wrapped up with many nerve endings

177
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

Areolar loose connective tissue proper and adipose connective tissue proper mixed together

178
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

It stabilizes the skin with respect to underlying tissues

179
Q

What is another named for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous layer

180
Q

The hypodermis has large blood vessels but has few _____ and no _____?

A

Few Capillaries and no vital organs

181
Q

The adipose tissue in hypodermis is known as ______?

A

Subcutaneous fat

182
Q

Subcutaneous fat makes up about ____% of body fat?

A

50%

183
Q

What are the few places that don’t have hair?

A

Palms,soles, lips, and portions of external genitalia

184
Q

What are the 3 hair functions?

A
  1. Protect the head from UV light
  2. Insulted against heat loss
  3. Acts as a barricade to openings like the eyes, nostrils, and ears
185
Q

What are the main 2 types of hair?

A
  1. Vellus hair

2. Terminal hair

186
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

The fine, poorly pigmented hair

187
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

The larger, pigmented visible hairs

188
Q

Where are some places vellus hairs are?

A

Forehead, ears

189
Q

Where are some places terminal hairs are located?

A

Head

190
Q

What are 3 things hairs also include?

A

Arrector pili muscle
Nerves attached to the hair root
Capillaries

191
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle and what is its function?

A

It is a muscle attached to the hair and it contracts and causes the hair to stand up erect causing goose bumps

192
Q

Why are nerves attached to the hair root?

A

To detect changes in position

193
Q

Why are capillaries included in hair?

A

They deliver blood to the hair root

194
Q

The epidermal cells of the hair follicle are covered with what?

A

Connective tissue proper

195
Q

The part of the hair extending out of the skin is the?

A

Hair shaft

196
Q

The base of the hair follicle is the?

A

Hair root

197
Q

Where does hair growth occur?

A

Hair root

198
Q

The epidermal cells that line the hair follicle pinch up at the root and in the indentation sits a ball of connective tissue proper called what?

A

Papilla or dermal papilla

199
Q

Capillaries and nerves travel through the connective tissue of the?

A

Follicles papilla

200
Q

The nerves in the papilla can send what?

A

Signals about hair movement

201
Q

The capillaries in the papilla can what?

A

Supply nutrients and O2 to the basal cells of the epidermis

202
Q

What are the 2 connective tissue layers associated with hair?

A

The hair sheath

The papilla

203
Q

What is the hair sheath?

A

The wrapper outside the entire follicle

204
Q

Most hair is colored because it contains the same ______ pigments found in skin?

A

Melanin

205
Q

Different colored hair like skin result from different proportions of the 2 melanin molecules called what?

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

206
Q

Blonde hair has only small amounts of both _______ and ______ ?

A

Eumelanin and pheomelanin

207
Q

White hair has ____ melanin

A

No melanin

208
Q

The hair shaft that leaves the skin have what 3 layers?

A

The cuticle
The cortex
The medula

209
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

It is outside and consist of overlapping flat dead keratinocytes

210
Q

What is the cortex?

A

It is the middle layer and consists of dead keratinocytes containing melanosomes vesicles with pigment

211
Q

What is the medula?

A

It is the innermost layer and consists of dead keratinocytes

212
Q

What layer of the hair shaft that leaves the skin contains melanin?

A

The cortex

213
Q

What 2 layers of the hair shaft that leave the skin do not have melanin?

A

The cuticle and the medula

214
Q

What cells provide pigment to the hair?

A

Melanocytes

215
Q

What kind of exocrine glands are sebaceous glands?

A

Holocrine glands

216
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Are the exocrine glands that use epithelial lined passages to deliver the sebum to the surface of the epidermis and to coat hairs

217
Q

What is sebum?

A

A viscous and oily mixture of fat, cholesterol, proteins, and ions

218
Q

What does sebum do?

A

It fights against bacteria and makes surfaces more water resistant especially to invasion of water from isotonic solution

219
Q

What 2 types of sebaceous glands are there?

A

Simple sebaceous glands

Sebaceous follicles

220
Q

What are simple sebaceous glands?

A

A bulbous gland associated with hair follicles serving to lubricate hair with sebum

221
Q

Most of skins sebaceous glands are what kind?

A

Simple sebaceous glands

222
Q

What are sebaceous follicles?

A

Also bulbous in shape but discharge directly onto the skin surface not into hair follicles

223
Q

Where are sebaceous follicles found?

A

Only on face, chest, nipples, and external genitalia

224
Q

How do you get pimples

A

When sebaceous glands get plugged by dead keratinocytes and excess sebum

225
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

Metro run sweat glands

226
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands

A

A highly coiled gland that secretes it’s products into hair follicles

227
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

In armpits, around nipples, and in groin

228
Q

Which sweat gland produces sticky cloudy secretions which are oxidized by bacteria and cause odors

A

Apocrine sweat glands

229
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are controlled by _____ system and ______?

A

Nervous system and hormones

230
Q

What are merocrine sweat glands

A

Coiled tubular glands that discharge directly onto the skin surface

231
Q

What sweat glands produces a watery solution of water, salts, organic compounds, and anti microbial metabolites?

A

Merocrine sweat glands

232
Q

Where are merocrine sweat glands mostly

A

Palms and soles and everywhere skin is

233
Q

Which sweat glands is responsible for sensible perspiration?

A

Merocrine

234
Q

Sensible perspiration is responsible for what 3 things

A

Cooling skin
Extracting I wanted stuff
Flushing microorganisms away from skins surfaces

235
Q

What category of exocrine glands do apocrine and merocrine sweat glands belong

A

Both merocrine method

236
Q

Where are the stem cells for the fingernail located?

A

Nail root

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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