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A&P 1 > First Test Module Three > Flashcards

First Test Module Three Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be separated into a simple substance by ordinary chemical means?

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

Any substance made from two or more atoms associated together (any substance made when two or more atoms are stuck together by any kind of force)

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3
Q

What is a ion?

A
  • Atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge

- The ion can be a single atom with a charge (-1) or multiple charges(+2)

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4
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Any molecule made made by assembling many copies (100s or more) of the same smaller molecules into one big molecule by joining the smaller molecules together with covalent bonds

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5
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple monomeric sugar with 3 to 7 carbons

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6
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Thousands of monomeric sugars attached together

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7
Q

What is a amino acid?

A

Amino acids serve as a monomer joined to make proteins

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8
Q

What is denaturation?

A

To cause a protein to lose the 3D shape that makes it functional

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9
Q

What is protein fiber?

A
  • Protein fibers are long thin complexes of many proteins

- Structural proteins (but not the proteins that carry out other functions) are often fibrous

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10
Q

What is a salt ion?

A

Ions like sodium(Na+) potassium (k+) calcium(Ca^2+) and Cloride(Cl-)

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11
Q

What is a mineral ion?

A

Metals like iron (Fe^2+) and magnesium(Mg^2+)

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12
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Insoluble in water; a molecule that does not dissolve in water

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13
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Soluble in water; a molecule that dissolves in water

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14
Q

What does dissolved mean?

A

When the individual molecules of the dissolved material (the solute) can intersperse regularly between molecules of H2O (or whatever is acting as the solvent) because the H2O molecules surround individual molecules of the dissolved material

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15
Q

What does undissolved mean?

A

When the molecules of the material clump together rather than disperse evenly and randomly in the solution and the molecules of H2O clump together separate from the undissolved material

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16
Q

What is the 6 common biological elements?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

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17
Q

How are polymers made from monomers?

A

molecule attached by covalent bonds

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18
Q

What are the 7 types of bio-molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids, vitamins, Trace ions, and water

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19
Q

All matter is made up from ___ naturally occurring elements?

A

98

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20
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

98

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21
Q

What is the periodic table made of?

A

All natural and man made elements known to be in existence

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22
Q

What are the top 6 naturally occurring elements found in living organisms in order from most to least?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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23
Q

What is a atom?

A

The smallest unit or amount of any one element

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24
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms covalently boded together to form a stable material (a compound in which the atoms are attached via covalent bonds only)

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25
Q

What is the relationship between compounds and molecules?

A

Compounds are the bugger category that can be stuck together by any force and molecules are just one type of compound that are only attached by covalent bonds

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26
Q

The molecules in living organisms range in size from ?

A

Just two connected atoms per molecule(O2) to hundreds of millions of connected atoms per molecule (DNA)

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27
Q

Any large molecule is a ?

A

Macro-molecule

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28
Q

How large does a molecule have to be before its a macro-molecule?

A

There is no hard and fast rule on how large a molecule has to be to be considered a macro-molecule, so well say >1000 atoms

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29
Q

What is a monomer?

A
  • Any molecule that can be joined together into a polymer are known as monomers when they are unattached
  • Any molecule that can be used in the assembly of a macro-molecule, but which also exists in its unassembled form
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30
Q

What type of molecule is a polymer?

A

You cant say because it is anything built from many smaller molecules

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31
Q

The monomer is a molecule consisting of ?

A

Atoms joined by covalent bonds

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32
Q

The polymer is a molecule, consisting of ?

A

The monomer molecules joined with yet more covalent bonds

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33
Q

What is any molecule that is used to build up a polymer, no matter what else it is used for?

A

Monomer

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34
Q

The carbohydrates are?

A

sugars

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35
Q

A compound is classified as a carbohydrate if:

A
  1. It contains mainly C, H, and O atoms (can have atoms in addition to C, H, and O but all carbohydrates have CHO)
  2. The C, H, and O atoms are ALWAYS present in 1:2:1 ratio (C6H12O6)
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36
Q

Carbohydrates are also called?

A

saccharides

37
Q

Carbohydrates can be found in living things in what form?

A

Monomeric, olgimeric, and polymeric

38
Q

What is olgimeric?

A

A short chain more than one less than hundreds

39
Q

What is some examples of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

40
Q

What is another named for a carbohydrate?

A

Saccharide

41
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monomeric sugar attached together with a covalent bond

42
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose, it is formed by joining one glucose and one fructose

43
Q

What are some examples of a polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen and starch

44
Q

What is a polymer of many glucose molecules found in animals?

45
Q

What is the polymer of many glucose molecules found in plants?

46
Q

Carbohydrates are used for:

A
  1. Energy sources

2. Structural components involved in recognition between cells when they are attached to proteins of membrane lipids

47
Q

Proteins are always?

48
Q

What is a protein monomer?

A

amino acid

49
Q

What is a protein polymer?

50
Q

What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins?

A

Amino acids are joined together to make a protein

51
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

52
Q

Each protein folds into a ?

A

Unique 3-D shape

53
Q

What are a few extremes that would cause a protein to denature and lose their proper/functional 3-D shape?

A
  1. Too hot
  2. Extreme pH
  3. Extreme salt concentration
54
Q

What are the workhorses of the cell?

55
Q

What are the 8 major protein functions?

A
  1. Catalysts
  2. Support
  3. Movement
  4. Transport
  5. Buffering
  6. Metabolic regulation
    Coordination and control
    Defense
56
Q

Proteins fibers become so large they no longer dissolve in the water surrounding them and are said to be?

A

insoluble protein fibers

57
Q

Nucleic acids are found in cells in what forms?

A

Monomeric and polymeric

58
Q

What is a monomeric nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides (sometimes called mononucleotides

59
Q

What are some examples of a nucleotide?

A

ATP and dGMP

60
Q

What is a polymeric nucleic acid?

A

polynucleotide

61
Q

What is some examples of a polynucleotide?

A

DNA and RNA

62
Q

Nucleotides have two main uses in cells:

A
  1. Used as energy carrier (energy currency) molecules

2. Used as building block for DNA and RNA synthesis

63
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

64
Q

Polymeric DNA’s function in cells is to?

A

Act as the carrier of informaion in the cells

65
Q

There are various types on polymeric RNA in the cell and each has its own function:

A
  1. Information shuttle
  2. Gene regulator
  3. Enzyme
66
Q

A lipid is any molecule in a cell that is entirely or largely?

A

insoluble in water

67
Q

Unlike most other biological molecules, which are defined by what they are lipids are?

A

defined by what they are not and are not wholly soluble in water

68
Q

Lipids do have one challenge in cells:

A

lie is water-based, cells are filled with water and surrounded by water, blood is mostly water, and lipids are wholly or mostly insoluble in water

69
Q

What is the main challenge for lipids in and around cells?

A

Lipids are insoluble in water

70
Q

What is a function membrane lipids serve?

A

To form cells a barrier which is the cell membrane that keeps everything inside the cell inside and everything outside the cell outside

71
Q

What is are some functions non-membrane lipids serve:

A
  • Some are hormones and serve as signals sent from one part of the body to another.
  • Some serve as energy storage molecules and can be metabolized to generate energy for cells
72
Q

Excessive LDLs are?

A

bad and associated with build up in blood vessels

73
Q

HDLs are?

A

good and help scavenge up excess cholesterol

74
Q

Vitamins are compounds that are not proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids and meet two criteria:

A
  1. They are necessary molecules for various pieces of molecular machinery in cells
  2. Animals cannot make them in their own cells
75
Q

Although animals cannot make vitamins, what can ?

A

Plants and microbes

76
Q

Which ions are the most abundant ions in living organisms?

77
Q

What is different about salt ions inside and outside of cells?

A

They are different concentrations

78
Q

2/3 humanbody weight is?

79
Q

What is the solvent?

A

Whatever liquid the dissolved material is dissolved in; in biological systems the solvent is almost always water

80
Q

What is the solution?

A

The combination of solvent and solute

81
Q

What is the solute?

A

The dissolved material; in biological systems whatever is surrounded by the water

82
Q

pH is a measure of what in water?

A

H+ ion concentration

83
Q

The stronger the acid the more?

A

H+ ions released

84
Q

More H+ ions means?

A

lower pH (more acidic)

85
Q

Less H+ ions means?

A

higher pH (more basic)

86
Q

The pH scale goes from ?

87
Q

The higher the pH?

A

more basic

88
Q

The lower the pH?

A

more acidic

89
Q

What is one of the most important reasons the body maintains pH homeostasis?

A

To prevent proteins from changing 3D shape and denaturing them and rendering then inoperative

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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