Test Three Flashcards
1
Q
Patrick Hamilton
A
- Studied at University of Paris where he became attracted the Luther’s Reformation
- Returned to spread Lutheran views in Scotland
- Tried for heresy, burned at stake
- Martyrdom contributed to advancement of Protestantism among nobility
2
Q
George Wishart
A
- Banished from Scotland for promoting Protestantism
- Returned to preach Gospel: preached fiery sermons in vernacular and encouraged congregational singing
- Cardinal Beaton had him burned at the stake
- –In retaliation Protestants assassinated Beaton and occupied St. Andrew’s Castle
3
Q
John Knox
A
- Traveled with Wishart as bodyguard, after Wishart’s death led movement
- Captured at St. Andrew’s Castle and made galley slave for 19 months, freed by Edward VI
- Went to England where he worked for Reformation, contributed to 1552 Book of Common Prayer
- Exiled during Bloody Mary’s reign…spent exile in Geneva
- Wrote Admonition to England, First Blast of Trumpet against Monstrous Regiment of Women
- 1559, returned to Scotland to lead Reformation
4
Q
Mary, Queen of Scots
A
- Pro-France and Pro-RCC policies led to conflict with Scottish lords, abdication (1567) and regency by Protestant for her son James VI
- Fled to England and sought protection from Elizabeth. Imprisoned for 19 years and executed for 3 attempts to assassinate Elizabeth
5
Q
Andrew Melville
A
- Led the Reformation after Knox’s death
- Full Presbyterian system installed with 2nd Book of Discipline
- Imprisoned by James (as King of England) in the Tower of London in 1606, released in 1610 and went to France
6
Q
Scottish Confession
A
Calvinistic Doctrine document
7
Q
Book of Discipline
A
Presbyterian polity – superintendents worked with clergy and ruling elders at local and regional levels
8
Q
Book of Common Order
A
- Worship and liturgy
- Psalter from Geneva used for songs
9
Q
Geneva Bible
A
- 1560
- Became preferred version
10
Q
Catholic Counter-Reformation
A
- Defined and reaffirmed medieval Roman Catholicism over against Protestant positions
- Declared Vulgate authoritative
- Tradition equal to Scripture
- Defined 7 sacraments
- Communion not necessary for laity
- Justification based on good works done through collaboration of grace and believer
11
Q
Virgin Mary
A
- Symbol of the church and embodies God’s people
- Channel or instrument through whom the Incarnation of God’s Son, Jesus Christ, occurs to overcome the Fall
12
Q
Sacramental Sacerdotalism
A
- Stressed authority of the church
- Neo-Thomists (semi-Augustinian) and Jesuits (Semi-Pelagians) who emphasized works and obedience as a way of salvation
13
Q
Index of Forbidden Books
A
Issued in 1559, books listed as heretical or banned by RCC
14
Q
Teresa of Avila
A
- Founded Discalced (Barefoot) Carmelites
- Established after having several visions
- Is listed as “Doctor of the Church”
- Only woman to have established monastic orders for both men and women
- Joined by John of the Cross
15
Q
Jesuits
A
- Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, former soldier wounded in battle
- Patterned after military
- Sought to revitalize and exalt the RCC’s teachings and worship and renew missionary efforts
- Emphasis on founding schools and training for recruits
- Documents: Spiritual exercises and Constitutions
16
Q
Francis Xavier
A
Worked under Portuguese colonization in India, Japan, and China
17
Q
Matthew Ricci
A
- Missionary to China
- Advocated fulfillment strategy (Jesus is fulfillment of local religion) and cultural adaptation as keys to Jesuit approach to ministry
18
Q
Council of Trent
A
- Beginning of the modern RCC
- Linked uniformity with orthodoxy
- Centralized power in the papacy
- Goals: reform the church, clarify doctrine, restore unity
19
Q
Results of Council of Trent
A
- Ordered bishops to live where they were assigned
- Condemned holding several ecclesiastic offices at the same time
- Defined clergy obligations
- Regulated use of relics and indulgences
- Ordered the founding of seminaries to train clergy
20
Q
Robert Bellarmine
A
- Led Humanist center at Gregorian College in Rome
- Wrote On the Controversies of the Christian Faith as the classic defense of Roman Catholicism vs. Protestantism
21
Q
Jansenists
A
-Catholic Dissenters
22
Q
Cornelius Jansen
A
In Belgium as the Humanist renewed Augustinian emphases on grace and particular election with Augustine’s versus Semi-Pelagian views of Jesuits
23
Q
Jansen’s Theology
A
- Taught that sacramental grace externally worked only for those with inward personal faith
- His views were condemned as being too close to Calvinsim
24
Q
Blaise Pascal
A
- Scientist-Inventor
- Dealt with problems posed by Descartes’ Enlightenment rationalist philosophy
- In later career, identified with Jansenist cause
25
Pascal's writings
- Provincial Letters
- --Defended Jansenists against Jesuits
- Pensees (Thoughts on Religion and Other Subjects: An Apology for the Christian Religion)
- --Countered skeptical rationalists in this unfinished work
26
Pascal's Philosophy
- Articulated Fidest position
- Placed primacy or priority on belief one could use reason to understand the natural world, human relationships, or religious truth
- Religious truth is not irrational but a matter of the heart and requires a personal encounter with the living God
27
Schmalkaldic League
- Organized 1529-1546
- Pro-Lutheran States
- Opposed Catholic (Pro-Hapsburg) League
28
League of Nuremberg
- 1539
| - Organized by Catholics to counter Protestants' advance
29
Peace of Augsburg
- Each civil ruler or city council (magistrates) decided what religion would be in their territory or city (cuius regio eius religio)
- Adherents of other religious viewpoints had the right of immigration to territory where their type of church life was established or recognized--only Catholic or Evangelic (Lutheran) territorial churches allowed
- No place for dissenting groups such as Anabaptists or Reformed Christians
30
William the Silent of Orange and the Sea Beggars
- Defeated the Spanish after they repressed the Evangelicals in the Netherlands
- Beggar's pouch became the banner of the rebellion
31
Huguenots
- French-Speaking Reformed Church followers of Calvin
- 1555-Organized first congregation
- 1562-Secured right to worship
32
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- August 23, 1572
- Massacre of Huguenots at Paris following the wedding (August 18) of Protestant Henry of Navarre to French Catholic Princess Margaret
33
French Wars of Religion
- 1562-1598 Civil war between Huguenots and Catholics
- By 1629 Royal-backed Catholics conquered Huguenot cities
- --Policy of leading political figure, Cardinal Richileu
34
Dates of Thirty Years' War
1618-1648
35
Defenestration of Prague
- 1618 revolt by Bohemian Protestants, Catholic king's advisors were thrown from window
- Start of Thirty Year's War
36
Peace of Westphalia
- 1648
- Religious and civil rights for Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists
- Ruler (Magistrate) determines region's religion
- Division of HRE territories on religious lines of 1624
- Western and Central Europe divided politically, religiously, and culturally...especially in Germany
- --The North: Protestant
- --The South: Roman Catholic
37
Results and Aftermath of Wars of Religion
- Principles of toleration implied by Peace of Westphalia did not indicate a deeper understanding of Christian love but a growing indifference to religious matters
- Modern secular state began to develop
- Doubt in dogmatics and conflicting statements of orthodoxy by Catholics and Protestants prepared way for skepticism of Age of Enlightenment
38
Definition of Protestant Scholasticism
Systematizing Lutheran and Calvinistic theology vs. Roman Catholicism and Enlightenment philosophical theories (used Bible and Protestant creeds to establish truth)
39
Characteristics of Protestant Scholasticism
- Emphasis on systematic thought
- Aristotelian deductive method used rather than humanist methods
- Primarily a product of the schools
- Propositional -- creedal formulas define orthodoxy (i.e. a true Christian Protestant holds certain correct beliefs)
- Stressed the authority of Scripture vs. Roman Catholic apostolic tradition claim
40
Philip Melanchthon
- Luther’s successor at Wittenberg
- Agreed to the Leipzig Interim
- --Many other Lutherans objects and claimed he had given up key teachings of Luther
- --Distinguished between central and peripheral elements of the gospel
- Controversies over...Justification, Synergism, and Lord’s Supper
41
Martin Chemnitz
- Sought to reconcile various Lutheran positions while contrasting them with Catholic and Reformed doctrine
- Led to development of Protestant Scholasticism
42
Georg Calixtus
- Differentiated heresy and error
- --Heresy: denies something essential for salvation
- --Error: denies another element of revelation
- Emphasized “the consensus of the first five centuries”
- Forerunner of modern ecumenical movement
43
Theodore Beza
- Calvin’s successor at Geneva & biographer
- Two eternal decrees of predestination position of Calvin upheld the sovereignty of God in salvation and eliminated man’s efforts
- Developed limited atonement position
44
Jacob Ariminius
- After his death, his students issued The Remonstrance, and exposition of his views
- Dutch Remonstrants’ position (5 points)
45
Francis Gomarus
Debated for predestination based on God’s choice (TULIP)
46
Synod of Dort
- Views of Arminius (predestination based on God’s foreknowledge) and Francis Gormarus (predestination based on God’s choice) debated
- Defined “strict” Calvinist position, commonly known as TULIP
- Remonstrants’ views condemned (Ariminius)
- --Life imprisonment, heavy fines imposed on Arminian adherents
- --Official tolerance of Arminian views granted in 1631
47
5 Points of Calvinism
- Total Depravity
- Unconditional Election
- Limited (particular) Atonement or Redemption
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the Saints
48
5 Points of Arminianism
- Man’s free will can be reborn, restored, and healed by the Holy Spirit -- act of faith, belief results in rebirth
- God’s election is conditional and based on a person’s decision to believe
- Christ’s atonement at the cross was general, for all sinners, but not all would benefit -- only those who believed
- God’s Spirit showed the truth of the Word and enabled belief but could be rejected
- A believer can choose to fall away and reject Christ
