Test 6

Question 1

French Revolution

Answer 1

• Began July 14th, 1789 with the storming of Bastille
• Culminated in 1792, execution of Louis XVI
• Conflict over economy
• Result: Establishment of Republic and “Reign of Terror”
• “Cult of Reason”
• –Brand new religion of French Republic
• –Strongly emphasized rationalism and freedom
• –Rejected organized religion as superstition

Question 2

Hegel

Answer 2

• Absolute Idealism: The Absolute idea is that to which all things are related and which is nevertheless self-contained
• “What is rational exists, and what exists is rational”
• Three stage process forms basis of Hegelian dialectic logic
• –Thesis is opposed by
• –Anti-Thesis which is reconciled in
• –Synthesis which becomes a new thesis
• This process continues as history unfolds and progresses until society reaches The Absolute Idea

Question 3

Darwin

Answer 3

Evolution

Question 4

Marx

Answer 4

• Communism
• Economic determinism and Dialectical history
• Communist Utopia: Goal of communism is to produce classless society in which there will be no exploitation of class warfare; each person will produce according to his ability and consume according to his need
• Atheism

Question 5

Freud

Answer 5

• Psychoanalysis

- Religion is an illusion that represents a belief system that projects one’s wishes

Question 6

Theological Liberalism

Answer 6

• Reinterpret and restate Christianity in terms compatible with modern scientific and philosophical viewpoints
• Accept science and reason but place religious truth in a distinct sphere of understanding

Question 7

Modernism

Answer 7

-Christianity can be explained by scientific categories and deals with social and psychological dimensions of the religious belief structures among people

Question 8

Schleiemacher

Answer 8

• Father of Liberal theology
• Religion as sense of absolute dependence…redemption is human’s restoration to true dependence
• Jesus was not fully God and fully human in the sense of ancient creeds
• Religious truth comes to and through the Christian community via the corporate experience of redemption

Question 9

Wellhausen

Answer 9

-Taught that the OT Pentateuch was an evolutionary composite of 4 Hebrew traditions

Question 10

Schweitzer

Answer 10

• Attempted to get behind the Christ of faith to find the “historical Jesus”
• We should try to discover not what the disciples thought about Jesus but who he really was

Question 11

Troeltsch

Answer 11

• Humanity’s moral awareness gave rise to all organized religion claims
• Revelation, with its claims of absolute truth, is incompatible with history, which must be open to revision with new date

Question 12

Kierkegaard

Answer 12

• Father of Christian Existentialism
• A Christian must be willing to pay the price, not just belong to the church
• Mere Christendom is the enemy
• NT demands a vital, personal commitment of obedience

Question 13

Barth

Answer 13

• Father of neo-orthodoxy
• Wrote Romerbrief (commentary on Romans): described as “a bomb going off on the playground of theologians”
• Church Dogmatics: Worthlessness of reason, one must rely on revelation and faith

Question 14

Salvation Army

Answer 14

• Founded by William and Catherine Booth
• Started as Christian Mission in London in 1865
• Had “Orders and Regulations,” band, uniforms
• In 1888, first food and shelter outreach

Question 15

Plymouth Brethren

Answer 15

• Founded by John Nelson Darby
• Teaching combined Calvinism , Pietism, strong millennial expectations
• Beliefs: Every Sunday Communion, Priesthood of believers who exercise spiritual gifts, no organized ministry, strict autonomy of local church, strong sense of biblical authority, stress upon missions and evangelism, dispensational premillennial eschatology

Question 16

CH Spurgeon

Answer 16

• Foremost Baptist preacher of his age

- Strong Calvinist; opposed liberalism; Downgrade Controversy led to split in Baptist Union (1887)

Question 17

CS Lewis

Answer 17

• Atheist and Oxford professor

- Became a leading Christian apologist and writer of 20th century

Question 18

Moody

Answer 18

• Interdenominational work, lay participation, social reform
• Romanticism in Theology
• –Emphasis on will and emotions
• –premillennialism
• –Holiness movement
• Refined techniques
• –Careful organization and preparation
• –Use of women
• –Gospel music
• —Separate inquiry room
• Unity between conservatives and liberals

Question 19

Sunday

Answer 19

• Baseball player turned evangelist
• Do-it-yourself (with God’s grace) Gospel message mixed with traditional American moral virtues of decency, patriotism, manliness, thrift, sobriety, piety, and hard work

Question 20

Graham

Answer 20

• Led many successful crusades
• Founded Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 1950
• In 1974, Graham instigated International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne, Switzerland

Question 21

National Association of Evangelicals

Answer 21

• Founded in 1943, “kinder, gentler” fundamentalism

- Harold Ockenga, pastor of Park Street Church in Boston, later president of Fuller Seminary

Question 22

Pentecostalism

Answer 22

• Early 20th century, grew out of Holiness Movement
• Characterized by faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism of the Holy Spirit
• Charles Parham opened Bethel Bible School in Topeka, KS; New Years Day 1901 Agnes Ozmun became first to speak in tongues
• William Seymour started Azusa Street Mission (1906) which became origin of Pentecostal movement

Question 23

Charismatic Renewal

Answer 23

Late 1960s, Pentecostal teachings and experiences began to penetrate older Protestant denominations and Catholicism; these neo-Pentecostals became known as Charismatics

Question 24

Vatican I

Answer 24

Declaration of papal infallibility in matters doctrine

Question 25

Vatican II and Changes

Answer 25

- Pope John 23 convenes council with representatives from Eastern Churches and Protestants (“Separated Brethren”) - Church defined as the people of God - Liturgy and worship in language of people with use of lay lectors and singers - Altar brought forward, priest serves facing the people, who are “assistants” - Simplified liturgy with more lay responses, congregational singing, folk masses - Communion either received on tongue or in hand; occasional communion of both kinds - Street clothes adopted by several orders of nuns - Advocacy of religious freedom - Advocacy of Bible reading by lay people - “Fish Friday” no longer compulsory

Question 26

John Paul II

Answer 26

- First non-Italian pope since 1523 (Polish) - Traditionalist who traveled the world - Survived an assassination attempt by a Muslim (1981)

Question 27

Various parties in modern Catholicism

Answer 27

- Tridentine Traditionalists: resist Vatican II reforms - Folk Catholics: Strong emphasis on Virgin Mary (Hispanic Catholics) - Reformers: pro-Vatican II and ecumenical outlook - Charismatics: fellowship with evangelical Protestants and Pentecostals

Question 28

Eastern Orthodoxy differences with Roman Catholicism

Answer 28

- More mystical in nature - Baptism is by triple immersion - Communion is given in both kinds to the laity - Infants are confirmed and receive communion immediately after being baptized - Accept icons and reject statues - Priests may marry prior to ordination - Date of Easter is set by the Julian calendar, rather than the Gregorian - Purgatory and Immaculate Conception of Mary are not accepted - Prayer for recovery in place of extreme unction - Church authority rests with the bishops and the authority of General Councils, not the pope

Question 29

Moscow: "Third Rome"

Answer 29

Ivan IV adopted the title "czar" in 1547 signifying his succession of authority from Rome and Constantinople