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History of the Church 2 > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Reformation: Catholic

A
  • The church has all the necessary ingredients of Christianity
  • Leave structure untouched but cleanse it
  • Emphasis on moral and administrative reforms
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2
Q

Types of Reformation: Magisterial

A
  • Church prior to RCC had necessary ingredients of Christianity
  • Alter structure and doctrine of church to condition prior to papal domination
  • Recreated church of first 5 centuries, NOT prior to Constantinian union of church and state
  • Church to remain Church-State: magistrate initiates and supports reform and defends church
  • Reform included moral and administrative concerns but mainly theological and ecclesiological
  • Uniformity in doctrine still necessary
  • Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Reformed, England
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3
Q

Types of Reformation: Radical

A
  • Only primitive, Apostolic church provides true model
  • Reform the church to pre-Constantinian type, which is NOT a state-church
  • Reform was moral, administrative, theological, ecclesiological; emphasis was on primitiveness, voluntarism, and separation of church and state
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4
Q

Types of Radical Reformation: Biblical

A
  • Used Bible was ultimate authority for reconstructing primitive church
  • Examples: Anabaptists, later English Baptists
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5
Q

Types of Radical Reformation: Spiritualistic

A
  • Emphasize immediacy and primacy of revelation from Holy Spirit; new revelations come to God’s prophets that augment and even supersede Scripture
  • Examples: Zwickau prophets, Munster
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6
Q

Types of Radical Reformation: Rationalistic

A
  • Human reason is authority in determining sense of Scripture and primitive model; challenge to doctrines of Trinity, vicarious atonement
  • Examples: Servetus, Unitarians
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7
Q

Wycliffe (or Wyclif)

A
  • Morningstar of the Reformation
  • –Taught superiority of the Bible
  • –Lectured through the Bible
  • With followers translated Bible from Latin Vulgate into English
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8
Q

Huss (or Hus)

A
  • Priest in Bohemia
  • True church is composed of those chosen or predestined by God
  • Christ, not Peter, is the Rock on which the church is built
  • If pope and bishop does not obey the Bible, he is not to be obeyed
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9
Q

Charles V

A

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain during the time of Luther

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10
Q

Frederick the Wise

A

Protected Luther, was able to manipulate pope and emperor

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11
Q

Pope Leo X

A
  • Pope during time of Luther

- Sold the archbishopric of Mainz to Albert of Brandenburg to raise money to build St. Peter’s

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12
Q

Tetzel

A

Hired by Albert of Brandenburg to sell indulgences

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13
Q

Melanchthon

A
  • Luther’s Successor

- Attended Marbourg Colloquy; co-authored Augsburg Confession

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14
Q

Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt”

A
  • Led reform in Luther’s absence
  • Celebrated radical mass on Christmas 1521
  • Instigated iconoclastic riots and removed images from churches
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15
Q

Katherine Von Bora

A
  • Martin Luther married when he was 41
  • Former nun
  • Established model for Protestant Parsonage
  • Parents of 6 children
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16
Q

Erasmus

A
  • Desired moral reform of Catholic Church and helped pave way for Reformation, but was unwilling to break from Catholic Church
  • Compared to Augustinianism of Lutger, Erasmus’ theology was tinged with Pelagianism
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17
Q

Thomas Muntzer

A
  • Follower of Zwickau Prophets
  • Became critical of Luther, when Luther did not go far enough with Reformation
  • Advocated revolutionary means to obtain social justice
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18
Q

95 Theses (Luther)

A
  • Written against sale of indulgences
  • Nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31st, 1517
  • Translated, printed, and distributed throughout Germany within 2 weeks
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19
Q

An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)

A
  • Attacked three walls that pope erected around Scripture

- Insisted on “priesthood of believer”

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20
Q

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther)

A
  • Attacked sacramental system

- Affirmed 3 sacraments: baptism, Eucharist, and penance (later affirmed only first 2)

21
Q

The Freedom of a Christian (Luther)

A
  • Exposition of relationship between faith and works
  • Devotional work that shows new person in Christ lives not to himself/herself, but in Christ and for neighbor
  • Emphasized priesthood of believer
22
Q

Augsburg Confession (Luther)

A
  • Justification by faith
  • Faith not just a mental assent
  • New life in Christ produces good works by God’s grace, not good deeds of merit for salvation
23
Q

Wittenberg

A
  • Luther was sent as a theology professor
  • In 1515 he made his “great discovery” of Romans 1:17
  • Justification is a free gift of God to sinners
24
Q

95 Theses (Wittenberg)

A

-Nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

25
Q

Heidelberg Disputation (Luther)

A
  • Attempt to silence Luther in May 1518
  • Luther was put on trial before Augustinian General Council
  • Introduced “Theology of the Cross”
  • Attacked scholastic theology which he called “Theology of Glory”
26
Q

Leipzig Disputation (Luther)

A
  • Attempt to silence Luther in July 1519
  • John Maier of Eck vs. Luther
  • Luther bested Eck through citation of Scripture by memory to prove that Christ, not pope, was head of the church
  • Luther accused of being “Saxon Huss”…Luther affirmed Huss
27
Q

Three Treatises (Wittenberg)

A
  • Written in 1520
  • An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
  • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
  • The Freedom of the Christian
28
Q

Diet of Worms

A
  • April 17-18, 1521
  • Luther was ordered to recant his books
  • “…it is neither safe nor wise to act against conscience…”
29
Q

Wartburg

A
  • kidnapped and taken here by order of Frederick the Wise for safety
  • Used this time to translate Bible into German
30
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A
  • 1530
  • Charles V needed unity against Turkish threat and attempted reconciliation of Protestants and Catholics
  • Melanchthon and Luther composed Augsburg Confession
  • German princes signed; RCC gave one year to recant
  • But was with Turks occupied HRE for 16 years
31
Q

Marbourg

A
  • Colloquy in 1529
  • Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants
  • Arranged meeting between Luther and Zwingli
  • Major doctrinal difference was over the Lord’s Supper
  • –Zwingli-Memorial
  • –Luther-Real Presence
  • Agreement and alliance could not be achieved
32
Q

The Meeting of Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli

A
  • Where: Marburg Colloquy
  • When: 1529
  • What: Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants. This was not achievable due to doctrinal differences over the Lord’s Supper
33
Q

Sola Gratia

A

Grace Alone; God’s grace in Christ alone saves the person, not works or efforts

34
Q

Sola Fides

A

Faith Alone; Justification by faith along for salvation

35
Q

Sola Scriptura

A

Scripture Alone; The authority for faith and practice rests in the Scriptures alone not in the Church’s traditions

36
Q

Affair of the Sausages

A
  • 1522
  • Zwingli preached against Lenten fast
  • Zurich printer rewarded workers with sausages
  • Zwingli defended the practice
37
Q

First Disputation (Zwingli)

A
  • January 1523
  • Debate between Zwingli and Vicar General of Bishopric of Constance
  • Zwingli presented 67 Articles for church reform
  • City Council supported Zwingli’s Reformation
38
Q

Second Disputation (Zwingli)

A
  • October 1523
  • Topics: Used of images, Mass, purgatory
  • Most of the discussion was spent on replacing mass with simple Lord’s Supper; magistrates delayed implementation; Zwingli’s followers insisted on immediate action; Zwingli sided with magistrates
  • Christmas Day, Zwingli did not perform simple Lord’s Supper as planned—Many of his student-followers broke with Zwingli
39
Q

Third Disputation (Zwingli)

A
  • January 1525
  • Zwingli attempted to suppress Swiss Brethren at public disputation on Baptism
  • Zwingli coined term “Anabaptists”: Re-baptizers
  • Decision: Brethren to stop meeting and have children baptized or leave in 8 days
  • Brethren defied Zwingli and Council, were baptized as believers and persecuted
40
Q

67 Articles (Zwingli)

A
  • Affirmation of Scripture as basis of authority
  • Condemned corruption of Roman Catholic Church
  • Denounced: purgatory; papal office; priestly garments; priesthood; clerical celibacy; traditional mass (Lord’s Supper should be memorial)
41
Q

On Baptism, Anabaptism, and Infant Baptism (Zwingli)

A
  • Baptism is sign of covenant: infant baptism is NT expression of circumcision
  • OT it precedent for covenant community
42
Q

Commentary on True and False Religion (Zwingli)

A

-Lord’s Supper is symbolic rememberance

43
Q

On Human and Divine Justice (Zwingli)

A

-Union of Church and State

44
Q

Zwingli on Church-State Relations

A
  • State-Church in Zurich: Reformation depended upon support from Council
  • Christian Civic Union: Allied with other Swiss cantons to spread Reformation
45
Q

Baptism

A
  • Adhered to infant baptism
  • Nature of baptism
  • –Infants are not guilty
  • –Baptism not necessary for salvation
  • –Infant was elect; in covenant community
  • Predestination
  • –Fit his view of infant baptism, which was sign of covenant for those elected by God
  • –Covenant concept of church
  • Used OT to show that baptism is NT parallel to circumcision
46
Q

The Lord’s Supper

A
  • Easter 1525, Zwingli observed “evangelical” Lord’s Supper
  • –Advocated Symbolic view
  • –Taught that bread and cup were signs or symbols to be observed in remembrance and thanksgiving for Christ’s sacrifice
  • –Holy Spirit uses those signs/symbols to testify that participants are joined in true and spiritual way to resurrected and ascended Christ; but Christ was not actually present in elements of Supper
47
Q

Zwingli’s contributions to Reformed Churches

A
  • Founder of the Reformed branch of the Reformation
  • Reform all areas of life in civil society, not simply the doctrines and practices of the church to make it evangelical
  • Follow only explicit teachings of Scripture, simplify worship liturgy, and eliminate medieval catholic elements
  • Religious uniformity strictly enforced; deviation considered treasonous; Anabaptists targeted especially
48
Q

Corruption of Papacy and Catholic Church

A
  • Avignon Papacy and Papal Schism
  • Problems with church offices
  • –Buying church offices
  • –Absentee priests
  • –Plural post–men holding multiple offices in the church
  • Illegitimate children were appointed priests, bishops, abbots, and abbesses
  • Parishioners lost faith in sacraments administered by immoral clergy
49
Q

Developments that helped lead to Reformation

A
  • Greek New Testament vs. Latin Vulgate
  • Renaissance and emphasis on humanism
  • Rise of nationalism
  • –Feudalism: landed gentry and churches owned property
  • —Fiefdoms led to monarchies…the church became a monarchy
  • –Nationalism: Nations began to resist the idea that the pope rules the secular state
  • Gutenberg printing press

History of the Church 2 (6 decks)

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