Test One Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Reformation: Catholic
A
- The church has all the necessary ingredients of Christianity
- Leave structure untouched but cleanse it
- Emphasis on moral and administrative reforms
2
Q
Types of Reformation: Magisterial
A
- Church prior to RCC had necessary ingredients of Christianity
- Alter structure and doctrine of church to condition prior to papal domination
- Recreated church of first 5 centuries, NOT prior to Constantinian union of church and state
- Church to remain Church-State: magistrate initiates and supports reform and defends church
- Reform included moral and administrative concerns but mainly theological and ecclesiological
- Uniformity in doctrine still necessary
- Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Reformed, England
3
Q
Types of Reformation: Radical
A
- Only primitive, Apostolic church provides true model
- Reform the church to pre-Constantinian type, which is NOT a state-church
- Reform was moral, administrative, theological, ecclesiological; emphasis was on primitiveness, voluntarism, and separation of church and state
4
Q
Types of Radical Reformation: Biblical
A
- Used Bible was ultimate authority for reconstructing primitive church
- Examples: Anabaptists, later English Baptists
5
Q
Types of Radical Reformation: Spiritualistic
A
- Emphasize immediacy and primacy of revelation from Holy Spirit; new revelations come to God’s prophets that augment and even supersede Scripture
- Examples: Zwickau prophets, Munster
6
Q
Types of Radical Reformation: Rationalistic
A
- Human reason is authority in determining sense of Scripture and primitive model; challenge to doctrines of Trinity, vicarious atonement
- Examples: Servetus, Unitarians
7
Q
Wycliffe (or Wyclif)
A
- Morningstar of the Reformation
- –Taught superiority of the Bible
- –Lectured through the Bible
- With followers translated Bible from Latin Vulgate into English
8
Q
Huss (or Hus)
A
- Priest in Bohemia
- True church is composed of those chosen or predestined by God
- Christ, not Peter, is the Rock on which the church is built
- If pope and bishop does not obey the Bible, he is not to be obeyed
9
Q
Charles V
A
Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain during the time of Luther
10
Q
Frederick the Wise
A
Protected Luther, was able to manipulate pope and emperor
11
Q
Pope Leo X
A
- Pope during time of Luther
- Sold the archbishopric of Mainz to Albert of Brandenburg to raise money to build St. Peter’s
12
Q
Tetzel
A
Hired by Albert of Brandenburg to sell indulgences
13
Q
Melanchthon
A
- Luther’s Successor
- Attended Marbourg Colloquy; co-authored Augsburg Confession
14
Q
Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt”
A
- Led reform in Luther’s absence
- Celebrated radical mass on Christmas 1521
- Instigated iconoclastic riots and removed images from churches
15
Q
Katherine Von Bora
A
- Martin Luther married when he was 41
- Former nun
- Established model for Protestant Parsonage
- Parents of 6 children
16
Q
Erasmus
A
- Desired moral reform of Catholic Church and helped pave way for Reformation, but was unwilling to break from Catholic Church
- Compared to Augustinianism of Lutger, Erasmus’ theology was tinged with Pelagianism
17
Q
Thomas Muntzer
A
- Follower of Zwickau Prophets
- Became critical of Luther, when Luther did not go far enough with Reformation
- Advocated revolutionary means to obtain social justice
18
Q
95 Theses (Luther)
A
- Written against sale of indulgences
- Nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31st, 1517
- Translated, printed, and distributed throughout Germany within 2 weeks
19
Q
An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)
A
- Attacked three walls that pope erected around Scripture
- Insisted on “priesthood of believer”
20
Q
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther)
A
- Attacked sacramental system
- Affirmed 3 sacraments: baptism, Eucharist, and penance (later affirmed only first 2)
21
Q
The Freedom of a Christian (Luther)
A
- Exposition of relationship between faith and works
- Devotional work that shows new person in Christ lives not to himself/herself, but in Christ and for neighbor
- Emphasized priesthood of believer
22
Q
Augsburg Confession (Luther)
A
- Justification by faith
- Faith not just a mental assent
- New life in Christ produces good works by God’s grace, not good deeds of merit for salvation
23
Q
Wittenberg
A
- Luther was sent as a theology professor
- In 1515 he made his “great discovery” of Romans 1:17
- Justification is a free gift of God to sinners
24
Q
95 Theses (Wittenberg)
A
-Nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
25
Heidelberg Disputation (Luther)
- Attempt to silence Luther in May 1518
- Luther was put on trial before Augustinian General Council
- Introduced "Theology of the Cross"
- Attacked scholastic theology which he called "Theology of Glory"
26
Leipzig Disputation (Luther)
- Attempt to silence Luther in July 1519
- John Maier of Eck vs. Luther
- Luther bested Eck through citation of Scripture by memory to prove that Christ, not pope, was head of the church
- Luther accused of being "Saxon Huss"...Luther affirmed Huss
27
Three Treatises (Wittenberg)
- Written in 1520
- An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
- The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
- The Freedom of the Christian
28
Diet of Worms
- April 17-18, 1521
- Luther was ordered to recant his books
- "...it is neither safe nor wise to act against conscience..."
29
Wartburg
- kidnapped and taken here by order of Frederick the Wise for safety
- Used this time to translate Bible into German
30
Diet of Augsburg
- 1530
- Charles V needed unity against Turkish threat and attempted reconciliation of Protestants and Catholics
- Melanchthon and Luther composed Augsburg Confession
- German princes signed; RCC gave one year to recant
- But was with Turks occupied HRE for 16 years
31
Marbourg
- Colloquy in 1529
- Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants
- Arranged meeting between Luther and Zwingli
- Major doctrinal difference was over the Lord's Supper
- --Zwingli-Memorial
- --Luther-Real Presence
- Agreement and alliance could not be achieved
32
The Meeting of Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli
- Where: Marburg Colloquy
- When: 1529
- What: Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants. This was not achievable due to doctrinal differences over the Lord's Supper
33
Sola Gratia
Grace Alone; God's grace in Christ alone saves the person, not works or efforts
34
Sola Fides
Faith Alone; Justification by faith along for salvation
35
Sola Scriptura
Scripture Alone; The authority for faith and practice rests in the Scriptures alone not in the Church's traditions
36
Affair of the Sausages
- 1522
- Zwingli preached against Lenten fast
- Zurich printer rewarded workers with sausages
- Zwingli defended the practice
37
First Disputation (Zwingli)
- January 1523
- Debate between Zwingli and Vicar General of Bishopric of Constance
- Zwingli presented 67 Articles for church reform
- City Council supported Zwingli's Reformation
38
Second Disputation (Zwingli)
- October 1523
- Topics: Used of images, Mass, purgatory
- Most of the discussion was spent on replacing mass with simple Lord's Supper; magistrates delayed implementation; Zwingli's followers insisted on immediate action; Zwingli sided with magistrates
- Christmas Day, Zwingli did not perform simple Lord's Supper as planned---Many of his student-followers broke with Zwingli
39
Third Disputation (Zwingli)
- January 1525
- Zwingli attempted to suppress Swiss Brethren at public disputation on Baptism
- Zwingli coined term "Anabaptists": Re-baptizers
- Decision: Brethren to stop meeting and have children baptized or leave in 8 days
- Brethren defied Zwingli and Council, were baptized as believers and persecuted
40
67 Articles (Zwingli)
- Affirmation of Scripture as basis of authority
- Condemned corruption of Roman Catholic Church
- Denounced: purgatory; papal office; priestly garments; priesthood; clerical celibacy; traditional mass (Lord's Supper should be memorial)
41
On Baptism, Anabaptism, and Infant Baptism (Zwingli)
- Baptism is sign of covenant: infant baptism is NT expression of circumcision
- OT it precedent for covenant community
42
Commentary on True and False Religion (Zwingli)
-Lord's Supper is symbolic rememberance
43
On Human and Divine Justice (Zwingli)
-Union of Church and State
44
Zwingli on Church-State Relations
- State-Church in Zurich: Reformation depended upon support from Council
- Christian Civic Union: Allied with other Swiss cantons to spread Reformation
45
Baptism
- Adhered to infant baptism
- Nature of baptism
- --Infants are not guilty
- --Baptism not necessary for salvation
- --Infant was elect; in covenant community
- Predestination
- --Fit his view of infant baptism, which was sign of covenant for those elected by God
- --Covenant concept of church
- Used OT to show that baptism is NT parallel to circumcision
46
The Lord's Supper
- Easter 1525, Zwingli observed "evangelical" Lord's Supper
- --Advocated Symbolic view
- --Taught that bread and cup were signs or symbols to be observed in remembrance and thanksgiving for Christ's sacrifice
- --Holy Spirit uses those signs/symbols to testify that participants are joined in true and spiritual way to resurrected and ascended Christ; but Christ was not actually present in elements of Supper
47
Zwingli's contributions to Reformed Churches
- Founder of the Reformed branch of the Reformation
- Reform all areas of life in civil society, not simply the doctrines and practices of the church to make it evangelical
- Follow only explicit teachings of Scripture, simplify worship liturgy, and eliminate medieval catholic elements
- Religious uniformity strictly enforced; deviation considered treasonous; Anabaptists targeted especially
48
Corruption of Papacy and Catholic Church
- Avignon Papacy and Papal Schism
- Problems with church offices
- --Buying church offices
- --Absentee priests
- --Plural post--men holding multiple offices in the church
- Illegitimate children were appointed priests, bishops, abbots, and abbesses
- Parishioners lost faith in sacraments administered by immoral clergy
49
Developments that helped lead to Reformation
- Greek New Testament vs. Latin Vulgate
- Renaissance and emphasis on humanism
- Rise of nationalism
- --Feudalism: landed gentry and churches owned property
- ---Fiefdoms led to monarchies...the church became a monarchy
- --Nationalism: Nations began to resist the idea that the pope rules the secular state
- Gutenberg printing press
