Test summary Flashcards
The main point of the Donders’ reaction time experiments was to
measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision
Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT
working memory
Ebbinghaus’s “memory” experiments were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind
Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
Sensory memory
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing
bottom-up
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing
top-down
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
similarity
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
pragnanz
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of _____________
physical regularity
Given the principles of divided attention, when would a person have the most difficulty driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
when the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone
I remember being really excited last year, when my team won the national championship in basketball”. This statement is an example of _____________ memory
episodic
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second
A person with reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with _____________ memory
short-term
the primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
working memory
The difficulty in trying to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song can be understood as
articulatory suppression
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley’s model?
equal team members, competing employees, workers and manager, independent consultants
The primacy effect can be attributed to
recall of information stored in LTM
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let’s say that one of the list words was CHAIR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn’t remember CHAIR?
rear, pair, bear, seat
Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to ______
aware, unaware
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes - what is the following memory type?
semantic memory
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ______ memory does not depend on conscious memory (2 kinds)
implicit and procedural
what kind of memory does this involve? reading a sentence in a book
procedural
when you are focused on the physical features of a word, what type of processing is this?
shallow processing
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency for objects to be organised into categories
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being
autobiographical
In which of the following scenarios might shallow processing lead to superior memory performance? When the person encodes ______ and is tested _______
auditorially, auditorially
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _____ memories
remote
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
In the CogLab Change Detection experiment, the flicker condition is most equivalent to which real life situation?
Looking down to grab some popcorn while you are watching a movie
change blindness is
not being able to detect an object change in a scene
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the colour and the name differed
What was the dependent variable in the Stroop Effect CogLab experiment?
the participants reaction time
Things we remember depend more on ________ while things we know depend more on ________
recollection, familiarity
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
You typically study for your Memory and Cognition exam early in the morning with a cup of coffee after a light breakfast. When exam time comes around you are thrilled to discover the schedule, because with what you know about the encoding specificity you are confident you will do well. Which of the following best fits the probable time of the exam?
8:30am after breakfast
In the remember/know experiment, some words were encoded using a deep level of processing. How was this done?
participants were asked to write down a synonym to the target word
At some point, Mark learned that 2 + 4 = 6, but he is unaware of when or where he learned this information. This is an example of something Mark …
knows
According to the levels of processing theory, what will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words.
Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed representation
Luke is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and laboured, often with jumbled sentence structure. He may have damage to which area of the brain?
Broca’s area
What would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?
close attention
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
The _______________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for co-ordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving
frontal
