Long term memory Flashcards
autobiographical memory
memory for specific events from a persons life. can include episodic and semantic
coding
how stimuli represented in the mind - visual, semantic, phonological
expert-induced amnesia
when you have reached a level of proficiency you perform automatically
explicit memories
conscious recollection of events or facts we have learned (different to implicit which is unconsciously recalled)
hippocampus
important for forming LTM
implicit memory
memories that are unintentionally memorised - eg procedural memory like driving/sewing
LTM
holds large amounts of information for long periods of time
a stage in the modal model of memory
mental time travel
Tulving - where a person travels back in time to re-experience events that happened in the past -> Episodic memory
personal semantic memories
factual knowledge about yourself and own past
primacy effect
where you better recall the first few items (and end - recency) than the middle
priming
where the introduction of a stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus
exposure of one thing can later alter behaviour or thoughts
proactive interference
where previously learned information interferes with learning new material
eg learning a friends new phone number (over the old one)
procedural memory
memory to carry out highly practised skills - riding a bike, tying shoe laces etc
propaganda effect
where you are more likely to rate something as being true because you have been exposed to it before
recency effect
where a list of words are presented, you are more likely to recall the words presented last
recognition memory
where you recognise something as familiar something you’ve encountered previously
release from proactive interference
memory improved when there is a change to the information being memorised
remember/know procedure
procedure where subjects indicate ‘remember’ if they remember the circumstances where they initially encountered it, or ‘know’ if it seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it
repetition priming
where the introduction of a stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus
exposure of one thing can later alter behaviour or thoughts
semanticisation of remote memories
loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events
episodic memory
part of explicit memory
Tulving - remembering a feeling located in the past
past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places
serial position curve
a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of the word on the list
skill memory
memory for doing things that involve learned skills - procedural memory
semantic memory
recollection of ideas, concepts and facts - general knowledge
what is consolidation?
the process that makes new memories more resistant to disruption
cued recall
where someone is shown cues (words or phrases) to aid recall
deep processing
relating an item to something else in order to attach meaning to it - helps to remember
depth of processing
where you can process at different levels and affects recall. Deep (elaborative rehearsal) or shallow (maintenance rehearsal)
elaborative rehearsal
attaching meaning to something you want to remember or making connections to prior knowledge
encoding
acquiring information and transferring it to memory
encoding specificity
where memory is more likely to be recalled when specific internal or external cues are the same between encoding and retrieval
free recall
where someone is asked to remember stimuli that was previously presented
generation effect
where the memory for something is better when you have generated the material yourself
graded amnesia
where amnesia is more severe for events just prior to injury and less severe for earlier events
levels of processing theory
theory that ability to remember depends on how it was encoded - deep processing (remember better) shallow processing (remember less)
long term potentiation
persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long lasting increase in signal transmission
maintenance rehearsal
repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information (shallow processing)
multiple trace model of consolidation
theory that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories
multivoxel pattern analysis
procedure to determine the pattern of voxel activation elicited by specific stimuli
paired-associate learning
where participants are presented with pairs of words, then one word is presented and have to recall the other word
reactivation
where the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory
reconsolidation
where a memory is retrieved and reactivated, then must be consolidated again (Nader et al)
retrieval
process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for something that happened prior to injury/concussion
self-reference effect
where memory for something is improved by relating it to the self
shallow processing
processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning (maintenance rehearsal)
spacing effect
where breaks from studying improves performance in memory
standard model of consolidation
the theory that memory depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but not during retrieval
state-dependent learning
where memory is better when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval (ie happy/sad)
synaptic consolidation
process of consolidation that involves structural changes that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes
systems consolidation
involves the gradual reorganisation of circuits within brain regions and takes place over long period of time
testing effect
where memory retention is improved if you test yourself as part of the learning process
transfer-appropriate processing
where memory retention is improved if you learn in a similar way you will be tested
