Long term memory

Question 1

autobiographical memory

Answer 1

memory for specific events from a persons life. can include episodic and semantic

Question 2

coding

Answer 2

how stimuli represented in the mind - visual, semantic, phonological

Question 3

expert-induced amnesia

Answer 3

when you have reached a level of proficiency you perform automatically

Question 4

explicit memories

Answer 4

conscious recollection of events or facts we have learned (different to implicit which is unconsciously recalled)

Question 5

hippocampus

Answer 5

important for forming LTM

Question 6

implicit memory

Answer 6

memories that are unintentionally memorised - eg procedural memory like driving/sewing

Question 7

LTM

Answer 7

holds large amounts of information for long periods of time
a stage in the modal model of memory

Question 8

mental time travel

Answer 8

Tulving - where a person travels back in time to re-experience events that happened in the past -> Episodic memory

Question 9

personal semantic memories

Answer 9

factual knowledge about yourself and own past

Question 10

primacy effect

Answer 10

where you better recall the first few items (and end - recency) than the middle

Question 11

priming

Answer 11

where the introduction of a stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus
exposure of one thing can later alter behaviour or thoughts

Question 12

proactive interference

Answer 12

where previously learned information interferes with learning new material
eg learning a friends new phone number (over the old one)

Question 13

procedural memory

Answer 13

memory to carry out highly practised skills - riding a bike, tying shoe laces etc

Question 14

propaganda effect

Answer 14

where you are more likely to rate something as being true because you have been exposed to it before

Question 15

recency effect

Answer 15

where a list of words are presented, you are more likely to recall the words presented last

Question 16

recognition memory

Answer 16

where you recognise something as familiar something you’ve encountered previously

Question 17

release from proactive interference

Answer 17

memory improved when there is a change to the information being memorised

Question 18

remember/know procedure

Answer 18

procedure where subjects indicate ‘remember’ if they remember the circumstances where they initially encountered it, or ‘know’ if it seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it

Question 19

repetition priming

Answer 19

where the introduction of a stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus
exposure of one thing can later alter behaviour or thoughts

Question 20

semanticisation of remote memories

Answer 20

loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

Question 21

episodic memory

Answer 21

part of explicit memory
Tulving - remembering a feeling located in the past
past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places

Question 22

serial position curve

Answer 22

a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of the word on the list

Question 23

skill memory

Answer 23

memory for doing things that involve learned skills - procedural memory

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

recollection of ideas, concepts and facts - general knowledge

Question 25

what is consolidation?

Answer 25

the process that makes new memories more resistant to disruption

Question 26

cued recall

Answer 26

where someone is shown cues (words or phrases) to aid recall

Question 27

deep processing

Answer 27

relating an item to something else in order to attach meaning to it - helps to remember

Question 28

depth of processing

Answer 28

where you can process at different levels and affects recall. Deep (elaborative rehearsal) or shallow (maintenance rehearsal)

Question 29

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 29

attaching meaning to something you want to remember or making connections to prior knowledge

Question 30

encoding

Answer 30

acquiring information and transferring it to memory

Question 31

encoding specificity

Answer 31

where memory is more likely to be recalled when specific internal or external cues are the same between encoding and retrieval

Question 32

free recall

Answer 32

where someone is asked to remember stimuli that was previously presented

Question 33

generation effect

Answer 33

where the memory for something is better when you have generated the material yourself

Question 34

graded amnesia

Answer 34

where amnesia is more severe for events just prior to injury and less severe for earlier events

Question 35

levels of processing theory

Answer 35

theory that ability to remember depends on how it was encoded - deep processing (remember better) shallow processing (remember less)

Question 36

long term potentiation

Answer 36

persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long lasting increase in signal transmission

Question 37

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 37

repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information (shallow processing)

Question 38

multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 38

theory that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories

Question 39

multivoxel pattern analysis

Answer 39

procedure to determine the pattern of voxel activation elicited by specific stimuli

Question 40

paired-associate learning

Answer 40

where participants are presented with pairs of words, then one word is presented and have to recall the other word

Question 41

reactivation

Answer 41

where the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory

Question 42

reconsolidation

Answer 42

where a memory is retrieved and reactivated, then must be consolidated again (Nader et al)

Question 43

retrieval

Answer 43

process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory

Question 44

retrograde amnesia

Answer 44

loss of memory for something that happened prior to injury/concussion

Question 45

self-reference effect

Answer 45

where memory for something is improved by relating it to the self

Question 46

shallow processing

Answer 46

processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning (maintenance rehearsal)

Question 47

spacing effect

Answer 47

where breaks from studying improves performance in memory

Question 48

standard model of consolidation

Answer 48

the theory that memory depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but not during retrieval

Question 49

state-dependent learning

Answer 49

where memory is better when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval (ie happy/sad)

Question 50

synaptic consolidation

Answer 50

process of consolidation that involves structural changes that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes

Question 51

systems consolidation

Answer 51

involves the gradual reorganisation of circuits within brain regions and takes place over long period of time

Question 52

testing effect

Answer 52

where memory retention is improved if you test yourself as part of the learning process

Question 53

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 53

where memory retention is improved if you learn in a similar way you will be tested