Perception and attention Flashcards
perception
experience that results from stimulation of the senses
scene schema
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
inverse projection problem
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one’s retina
early selection model
where the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow
speech segmentation
the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and another begins
transitional probability
the likelihood that one sound will follow another
apparent movement
illusion of movement perception when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after the other
regularities in the environment
characteristics that occur regularly - blue = sky, landscape = green, verticals = buildings
what is the law of pragnanz?
where every stimulus pattern is seen to be as simple as possible
also called law of simplicity, law of good figure
unconscious inference
belief that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make
Helmholtz
what is a transitional probability
where there is a likelihood that one speech sound will follow another
what is top-down processing?
involves a persons prior knowledge or expectation
also called knowledge-based processing
what is speech segmentation?
where you perceive individual words within a continuous flow of speech
what are semantic regularities?
the characteristics normally associated with a scene, eg cooking, eating, preparation in a kitchen
what is prior probability?
someones initial belief about the probability of an outcome of something
what is bottom-up processing?
processing that starts when information is received by the receptors
what is attention?
when you focus (or attend to something) - specific features, objects, locations, thoughts or activities
what is change blindness
difficulty in detecting changes in similar but slightly different scenes, mostly when you are not paying attention
what is change detection?
detecting differences between images that are presented one after the other
what is the cocktail party effect?
the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out others, especially at a party where there are lots of simultaneous conversations
what are continuity errors?
changes that occur between scenes in film that dont match
what is covert attention?
shifting attention without moving the eyes
what is the filter model of attention
model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all unattended
what is a filter?
Broadbent’s model - it identifies the message being attended to based on physical characteristics, and only lets this through to next stage
fixation
pausing the eyes on something while observing a scene
what are high-load tasks?
a task that uses most or all of a persons resources so that they can’t handle any other tasks
what is inattentional blindness?
not noticing something that is in clear view because you have not been attending to it
what is inattentional deafness?
when inattention causes you to miss an auditory stimulus
late selection models of attention
where selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information has been analysed for meaning
what is the load theory of attention?
where the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task being carried out
what are low-load tasks
tasks that don’t use many resources - can work on more than 1 low-load task
what is mind wandering
thoughts that come from within, often unintentionally
what is overt attention
shifting attention by moving the eyes
what is perceptual load?
the amount of information involved in the processing of the task stimuli
what is selective attention?
where you can focus on one message and ignore all others
what is the stroop effect
in the stroop task, when people find the task difficult when the word RED is printed in blue ink
what is visual scanning?
where you move your eyes from one location or object to another
what is a visual search
where you are looking for one stimulus or object among a group
