Short-term and working memory

Question 1

articulatory rehearsal process

Answer 1

rehearsing/repeating process in working memory that stops losing things from the phonological store

Question 2

articulatory suppression

Answer 2

interfering with operation of phonological loop by repeating an irrelevant word while using it

Question 3

central executive

Answer 3

part of working memory that coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

Question 4

chunk

Answer 4

collection of elements strongly associated with each other

Question 5

chunking

Answer 5

used to increase capacity of memory
eg individual words combined into sentence

Question 6

control processes

Answer 6

eg rehearsal
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s modal model of memory
active processes that can be controlled by the person, differs from task to task

Question 7

decays

Answer 7

where information is lost from memory after time

Question 8

delayed partial report method

Answer 8

Sperling - visual icon experiments
where participants had to identify only some of the stimuli after a delay of presentation

Question 9

digit span

Answer 9

number of digits someone can remember
used to measure capacity of STM

Question 10

echoic memory

Answer 10

sensory memory for sounds - lasts a few seconds after stimulus stopped

Question 11

episodic buffer

Answer 11

backup store - added to Baddeley’s working memory model
communicates with LTM and WM

Question 12

ERP

Answer 12

event related potential

Question 13

event related potential

Answer 13

records the response of thousands of neurons near the electrode that fire together
waves occur at different delays and can be linked to different functions

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

sensory memory for visual stimuli - lasts a fraction of a second after stimulus stops

Question 15

memory

Answer 15

process involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli after original info no longer present

Question 16

mental rotation

Answer 16

rotating an image of an object in the mind

Question 17

modal model of memory

Answer 17

Atkinson & Shiffrin
people process information through a series of stages including STM and LTM

Question 18

partial report method

Answer 18

Sperling - visual icon experiments
where participants had to identify only some of the stimuli after presentation

Question 19

perseveration

Answer 19

difficulty in switching from one behaviour to another
when PFC has been damaged

Question 20

persistence of vision

Answer 20

being able to see light for a fraction of a second after it has stopped
eg sparkler

Question 21

phonological loop

Answer 21

part of WM that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

Question 22

phonological similarity effect

Answer 22

where letters or words that sound similar are confused eg T and P

Question 23

phonological store

Answer 23

holds a small amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds

Question 24

reading span

Answer 24

Daneman & Carpenter
number of 13-16 word sentences that a person can read then remember the last word

Question 25

reading span test

Answer 25

Daneman & Carpenter - to measure reading span

Question 26

recall

Answer 26

where you report stimuli you have previously seen or heard

Question 27

rehearsal

Answer 27

process of repeating something over and over to remember it - keeps it in STM

Question 28

sensory memory

Answer 28

brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fraction of a second
first stage in modal model of memory

Question 29

STM

Answer 29

holds limited amount of information for up to 30 seconds unless there is rehearsal

Question 30

structural features

Answer 30

type of memory in the model of memory
sensory memory, STM, LTM

Question 31

visual imagery

Answer 31

mental imagery involving vision - image created in the absence of visual stimulus

Question 32

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 32

part of WM that holds and processes visual and spatial information

Question 33

whole report method

Answer 33

Sperling - visual icon experiment
where participants had to report all stimuli after brief presentation

Question 34

word length effect

Answer 34

the idea that it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than short words

Question 35

working memory

Answer 35

limited capacity for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks - reading, learning, reasoning