Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in perception, attention, reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving, language, emotions

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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study of mental processes involved in perception, attention, reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving, language, emotions

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3
Q

reaction time

A

how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus

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4
Q

simple reaction time

A

time it takes to respond to a single stimulus

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5
Q

choice reaction time

A

time it takes to respond to one of two or more stimuli

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6
Q

structuralism

A

idea that our experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience (sensations)

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7
Q

analytic introspection

A

trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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8
Q

savings curve

A

plot of savings versus time after initial learning

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9
Q

cortical equipotentiality

A

idea that the brain operates as an indivisible whole

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10
Q

william james

A

1890
first psychology textbook
observations based on his own mind

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11
Q

hermann ebbinghaus

A

1885
quantitative measurement of mental processes
memorising random letters
nature of forgetting

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12
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

1879
founded first lab of scientific psychology
structuralism - analytic introspection

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13
Q

franciscus donders

A

1868
1st scientific cognitive experiment
interested in how long it takes to make a decision - simple and choice reaction time

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14
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience, and why is it necessary?

A
  • Study of the neural (physiological) basis of cognition
  • Shows the relationship between sensation and the different nerve impulses - different qualities of nerve impulses, and activating different areas in the brain
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15
Q

How did behaviorism affect research on the mind?

A

There was a move to understanding that mental responses cannot be measured but must be inferred from behaviour

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16
Q

What method did William James use to study the mind?

A
  • Observations of the operation of his own mind
  • First psychology textbook 1890
17
Q

What do Donders’s and Ebbinghaus’s experiments have in common?

A

both measured behaviour to determine a property of the mind

18
Q

Why could we say that Donders and Ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology?

A
  • because they were both interested in the scientific study of mental processes of the mind
  • their experiments indicate that mental responses cannot be directly measured but must be inferred from behaviour
19
Q

What are two ways of defining the mind?

A
  • Where it creates a representation of the world so we can achieve our goals
  • system that processes mental functions including perception, attention, reasoning, problem solving, language, emotion, decision making
20
Q

Distributed representation

A

looking at something activates many areas of the brain - looking, remembering, thinking, emotion, sound, smell etc

21
Q

brain imaging 1977

A

PET and fMRI

22
Q

Double dissociation

A

damage to one area of brain causes function A to be absent/function B present → damage to another area causes function B to be absent/function A present

23
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognise faces

24
Q

what is Wernicke’s area (Carl Wernicke 1879)

A

damage to temporal lobe - produce fluent and grammatically correct speech but incoherent

25
what is Broca’s area (Paul Broca 1861)
in frontal lobe shown to be responsible for language production
26
Localization of function
Specific areas of the brain serve different functions Early evidence of localization came from the study of behaviour of people with brain damage → Broca’s area
27
Contemporary cognitive psychology involves
- sophisticated flow diagrams of the mind - consideration of higher mental processes - large amount of physiological processes - increasing amount of research on cognition in real-world situations
28
Neuropsychology
study of people with brain damage
29
Electrophysiology
measuring electrical responses of the nervous system
30
Episodic memory
for events in your life
31
Semantic memory
for facts
32
Procedural memory
for physical actions
33
Model of memory
1968 Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin Sensory memory > short term > long term
34
Ulrich Neisser
1967 First cognitive psychology textbook - highlights the central topics in modern cognitive psychology (gaps in his book) - study of higher mental processes - study of physiology of mental processes
35
Ulrich Neisser
1967 First cognitive psychology textbook - highlights the central topics in modern cognitive psychology (gaps in his book) - study of higher mental processes - study of physiology of mental processes