Test Review #1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
Physiology?
Can one function without the other?
- Anatomy studies form and function
- Physiology studies how the body functions
- Structure and function are inseparable
What is microscopic anatomy?
& what is the two subcategories of it?…
microscopic anatomy is the study of “micro” or small things.
two categories include
Cytology and Histology
what is macroscopic or gross anatomy?
what is the 5 subcategories of it?
gross anatomy is the study of larger parts
systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system
• regional anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region of
the body
• surface anatomy focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal
body structures
• comparative anatomy examines similarities and differences in anatomy
of different species
• embryology studies developmental changes from conception to birth
what are two specialized branches of anatomy?
Pathologic anatomy examines anatomic changes resulting from
disease
• considers anatomic and microscopic changes
– Radiographic anatomy investigates internal structures visualized by
scanning procedures
What do physiologist focus on?..what are particular body systems they can study?
- molecular and cellular level
Cardiovascular physiology
• the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
– Neurophysiology
• the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs
– Respiratory physiology
• the functioning of respiratory organs
What are 6 properties common to all organisms?
- All exhibit complex organization and order
- All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur
within the body (anabolism and catabolism) - All grow and develop
- All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to stimuli
- All exhibit regulation (homeostasis)
- All reproduce
What is anabolism?….catabolism?
- anabolism, small molecules joined to form larger ones
• catabolism, large molecules broken down into smaller ones
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis, the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal
environment, or “steady state”
What is the body’s level of organization from simplest to most complex?
- chemical level – cellular level – tissue level – organ level – organ system level – organismal level
What is the chemical level? (3 things)
Involves atoms and molecules • atoms, smallest units of matter • molecules, one or more combined atoms – e.g., sugar, vitamins – Macromolecules • more complex molecules • e.g., proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – Organelles • microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules
what is the cellular level?
Consists of cells, the smallest living structures
• basic units of structure and function in organisms
• vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed
– e.g., skeletal muscle cell is long and red blood cell is small
and flattened
– Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level
what is the tissue level?
Consists of tissues, groups of similar cells performing common functions
4 types of tissue and what do they do?
epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
• connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
• muscle tissue produces movement
• nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses
what is the organ level?
Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific
functions
• e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to
process and absorb digested nutrients
what is the organ system level?
Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common
function
• e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb
nutrients, and expel waste products
