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A&P 1 > Chapter II : Atoms, Ions and Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter II : Atoms, Ions and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three forms of matter?

A
  • solid, liquid, gas
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2
Q

Matter is composed of what?

A
  • atoms, which are the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element
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3
Q

What are the three ways elements are called based on the percentage by weight in the body?

A
  • major, lesser, or trace
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4
Q

What are the six elements that make up a 98% of weight on the body?

A
  • O, C, H, N, Ca, P
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5
Q

What are the 6 elements that make up less than 1% of the total body weight?

A
  • S, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe
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6
Q

What the mass of protons, neutrons and electrons?

A
  • protons = 1 amu
  • Neutrons - 1 amu
  • Electrons= 1/1800th
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7
Q

Whats the average atomic mass made up of?

A
  • protons and neutrons
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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A
  • are different atoms of the same element, have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
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9
Q

What’s the most prevalent carbon isotope?

A
  • carbon 12 (with 6 neutrons)
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10
Q

Why are radioisotopes unstable?

A
  • becuase they contain excess neutrons
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11
Q

How do radioisotopes lose nuclear components?

A
  • in forms of high energy radiation
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12
Q

What is the physical half-life?

A

the time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable, can vary from seconds to thousands of years

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13
Q

What’s the biological half-life?

A

the time required for half of the radioactive material from a test to be eliminated from the body

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14
Q

What’s the relationship of the octect rule and chemical stability?

A

a complete outer shell with eight electrons increases chemical stability

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15
Q

What are ions?

A

groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge

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16
Q

How are ions made?

A
  • by the loss or gain of electrons
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17
Q

What are cations?

A

positive ions, made by the loss of electrons

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18
Q

What are anions, and how are they made?

A

negative ions, made by the gain of electrons

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19
Q

What are polyatomic ions?

A

anions, composed of more than one atom

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20
Q

Elements in the first, second, or third columns are usually anions or cations?

A

cations

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21
Q

Which side of the periodic table is metallic?

A

left side

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22
Q

What type of bonds do cations and anions form?

A

ionic bonds

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23
Q

Sharing of bonds are called?

A

covalent bonds

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24
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with the same number and kind of elements arranged differently in space

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25
Q

Glucose, Galactose and fructose differ in what? and therefor are called?

A

structure, called isomers

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26
Q

What are the four elements that combine in covalent bonds most commonly?

A

O, N, C, H

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27
Q

What’s the simplest covalent bond?

A
  • between two hydrogen atoms
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28
Q

How do you determine how many covalent bonds an element with form?

A

depending on how many electrons the element needs to satisfy the octect rule…
- for example: Oxygen needs two electrons to have 8, therefore forms 2 covalent bonds

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29
Q

How is Oxygen with electronegativity?

A
  • very electronegative
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30
Q

How can Carbon bond? shape wise….

A

in branches, rings, and branched chains

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31
Q

How is it determined whether a bond is polar or nonpolar?

A

based on their electronegativity

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32
Q

Nonpolar means…

A

equal sharing

“no problem”

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33
Q

Polar means…

A

not equal sharing

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34
Q

Referring to the periodic table how is electronegativity ?

A

increases left to right, decreases top to bottom

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35
Q

The bond between Carbon and Hydrogen is considered what type of bond?

A

nonpolar

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36
Q

If a covalent bond is more electronegative how will a bond form?

A
  • it will be partially negative, partially positive
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37
Q

The bond between C-H?

A

nonpolar

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38
Q

The bond between O-H?

A

polar

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39
Q

Amphipathic molecules are what?

A

partially polar, partially nonpolar molecules

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40
Q

Mole value:

A

6.022x10^23

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41
Q

Moles is moles per what?

A

liters

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42
Q

Mole definition

A

of molecules

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43
Q

Whats the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

A

organic contains C-H bonding, inorganic does not

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44
Q

What type of bond is CO2? (organic or inorganic?

A

an organic compound

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45
Q

What do hydrocarbons contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen

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46
Q

Hydrocarbons are nonpolar which means they are?

A

hydrophobic

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47
Q

Intermolecular attractions are:

A

weak chemically attractions between molecules

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48
Q

Why are intermolecular molecules important?

A

bc they maintain shape of complex molecules (i.e. DNA and protein)

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49
Q

The intermolecular Hydrogen bond forms between what?

A

between polar molecules, partially positive hydrogen atom, partially negative Oxygen atom

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50
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weak or strong?

A

individually weak, collectively strong

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51
Q

Water composes what fraction of the human body?

A

2/3 by weight

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52
Q

Why is water liquid at room temperature ?

A

because of the hydrogen bonding

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53
Q

Functions of liquid water?

A
  • transports, lubricates, cushions and excretes waste
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54
Q

Temperature def:

A

the measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance

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55
Q

Specific heat def:

A

the amount of energy require to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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56
Q

Heat of vaporization def:

A

the heat required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance

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57
Q

Water is the solute or solvent of the body?

A

solvent

58
Q

Why is water called the universal solvent?

A

because most substances dissolve in it

59
Q

___________ portions of amphipathic molecules dissolves easily in water

A

polar

60
Q

How is a phospholipid bilayer made?

A

nonpolar tails of phospholipids grooup together while polar heads have contact with water

61
Q

Water spontanously dissocitates to form ____?

A

ions

62
Q

An acid dissociates in water to produce what two things?

A
  • hydrogen ion and an anion
63
Q

An acid is also called a what?

A

proton donor

64
Q

A base accepts what when added to a solution?

A

a hydrogen ion

65
Q

A base is also called what?

A

proton acceptor

66
Q

pH is a measure of what?

A

hydrogen ions

67
Q

Moving from one increment to another with the pH value is called a what?

A

a tenfold change

(ex: a pH of 6 has 10 times greater concentration of H+ than pure water

68
Q

Solutions with equal concentrations of H+ and OH- are called what? Higher H+? Higher OH-?

A

base, acid,base

69
Q

Urine can range a pH from ?

A

pH 4-8

70
Q

If a person is acidosis what will happen to the urine?

A

more acidic

71
Q

If a person is overhydrated the urine will be a pH of?

A

pH 7-8

72
Q

A buffer does what?

A

maintains the pH changes

73
Q

Concentration is determined by what?

A

the amount of solute dissolved in a solution

74
Q

Concentrations are expressed how?

A
  • mass/volume

- mass/volume percent

75
Q

Molarity is?

A

moles/liter solution

76
Q

Molality is?

A

moles/kg solute

77
Q

Which changes with temperature molarity or molality?

A

Molarity. Molality doesn’t change with temperature because liquid expands and contracts

78
Q

Polymers are also called?

A

macromolecules

79
Q

Monomers are also called?

A

micromolecules

80
Q

Dehydration is?

A

taking water out, putting bonds back together

81
Q

Hydration is?

A

putting water back in, breaking bonds

82
Q

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

A

lipid

83
Q

What does lipids function as?

A

stores nutrients, cellular membrant components and hormones

84
Q

Lipids occur in 4 primary classes, what are they?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eiconsanoids

85
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

86
Q

Lipids: tryglycerides do what?

A

store energy

87
Q

Tryglcerides are formed during what type of synthesis?

A

dehydration

88
Q

Tryglycerides help the body in what ways?

A
  • long term energy storage in adipose tissue, structural support, cushioning, and insulation
89
Q

What is the structural form of tryglycerides?

A

glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

90
Q

What’s the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • saturated: no double bonds
  • unsaturated: one double bond
  • polyunsaturated: two or more double bonds
91
Q

Adipose tissue forms triglycerides when what happens?

A
  • when energy is excess…termed lipogenesis
92
Q

Adipose tissue breaks down triglycerides when what happens?

A
  • when energy is needed

- termed lipolysis

93
Q

Phospholipids are what?

A
  • membranes
94
Q

What makes up phospholipids membranes?

A
  • a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head
95
Q

(Lipids) steroids are what?

A

ringed structures including some hormones

96
Q

Most animal fats are (saturated or unsaturated)? how about plant fats?

A
  • animal is saturated

- plats are unsaturated

97
Q

Partial hydrogenation can lead to what?

A

trans fats

98
Q

Trans fats can increase the risk of what two health conditions?

A
  • heart attack and stroke
99
Q

Hydrogenation

A

high pressure is H+

- preservation of food

100
Q

What is the structure of Glucose?

A

a six carbon carbohydrate

101
Q

What’s the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose

102
Q

Glucose is the primary ________

A

nutrient supplying energy to cells

103
Q

During glycogenesis what happens?

A

glucose bonds to polysaccharide glycogen

104
Q

Glycogenolysis is?

A

the broken down form glycogen

105
Q

(T/F) Every life form on the planet can use glucose as energy?

A

true

106
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

macromolecules that store and transfer genetic informatio in cells

107
Q

Two classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

108
Q

Nucleotide monomers are bonded by what?

A

phosphodiester bonds

109
Q

What makes up the nucleotide?

A

sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

- sugar phosphate backbone

110
Q

Pyrimidines =

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

111
Q

Purines=

A

adenine, guanine

112
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

mitochondria and nucleus

113
Q

The double strand in DNA is held together by ?

A

hydrogen bonds

114
Q

RNA is found where?

A

nucleus and within cytoplasm of the cells

115
Q

What does RNA not contain, and what is it replaced with?

A

Thymine, replaced with Uracil

116
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

117
Q

What is ATP

A

nucleotide compose of nitrogenous bases, adenine, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups

118
Q

Where are the covalent bonds at in ATP?

A

between the two phosphate groups, it releases energy when broken

119
Q

ATP is the central molecule in what?

A

chemical energy transfer within cells

120
Q

NAD+ stands for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

121
Q

FAD stands for

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

122
Q

What does NAD + and FAD do?

A

participates in the formation of ATP

123
Q

Proteins serve as what? (7 things)

A
  • serve as catalysts (enzymes)in metabolic reactions
  • act in defense
  • aid in transport
  • contribute to structural support
  • cause movement
  • perform regulation
  • provide storage
124
Q

Monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

125
Q

How many amino acids are total in living organisms?

A

20

126
Q

Amino acid structure?

A

carboxylic acid + amine

127
Q

How are amino acids bonded?

A

peptide bonds

128
Q

How are the peptide bonds formed?

A

during dehydration synthesis reaction

129
Q

Where is the peptide bond formed?

A

between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group

130
Q

What’s the N-terminal group of amino acids?

A

free amine group

131
Q

What’s the C-terminal group of amino acids?

A

free carboxyl group

132
Q

Amino acids are organized based on what groups?

A

the R groups

133
Q

Nonpolar amino acids contain what

A

contain R groups with hydrogen and hydrocarbons

134
Q

Polar amino acids contain what

A

R groups with other elements

135
Q

Primary structure:

A

linear sequence of amino acids

136
Q

Conformation:

A

three- dimensional shape of protein

137
Q

The secondary structures what? what two things does it look like?

A

structural patterns frm hydrogen bonding

  • beta pleated sheets
  • alpha helix
138
Q

Tertiary structure: (two things visual)

A

final three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

  • globular proteins
  • fibrous proteins
139
Q

Quantenary structure

A

present in proteins with two or more polypeptide chains

140
Q

Denaturing is what?

A

shape change to a protein

141
Q

Other than heating what else can cause denaturing?

A

pH changes

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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