Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Chapter 4a > Flashcards

Chapter 4a Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are known as

A

the functional units of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What’s the study of cells?

A

cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscopy is what?

A

the use of a microscop to view small-scale structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the light microscope?

A

produces a two dimensional image

-passes light through a specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The electron microscope does what?

A
  • uses a beam of electrons to “illuminate” the speciment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which has a higher magnification LM or EM?

A

electron microscope, also has better ability to see details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What the main difference between a TEM and SEM?

A

TEM produces two dimensional structure, SEM generates a three dimensional study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whats does the plasma membrane do?

A

it forms outer limiting barrier, separates internal contents of cell from external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What small structures does the plasma membrane have?

A

cilia, flagellum, microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whats holds the nucleus and what does the nucleus contain?

A

nuclear envelope, contains genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What the cytoplasm?

A

cellular contents between plasma membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the cytoplasm include?

A

cytosol, organelles and inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Organelles are what?

A

organized structures within cells, all have unique shape and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Membrane- bound organelles are enclosed by what and whats the function of this?

A

a membrane that separates the contents from the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s missing form non-membrane-bound organelles?

A

no enclosed within a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the non-membrane-bound organelles usually composed of?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inclusions are what?

A

large diverse group of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are inclusions considered an organelle and are they membrane-bound

A

not an organelle, not considered organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the cholesterol in a cell?

A

scattered withing the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does cholesterol do within the membrane?

A

strengthens the membrane and stabilized the membrane against temperature extremes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plasma membranes are solid or liquid?

A

liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What equal parts is it composed of?

A

lipid and protein by weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the plasma membrane regulate?

A

movements of most substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the plasma membrane polar or non polar?

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Because the plasma membrane is nonpolar what substances are able to penetrate it?

A

small and non polar substances without assistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What types of lipids does the plasma membrane contain?

A

phospholipds, cholestrol and glycolipds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most membranes are made up of what type of lipid?

A

phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phospholipds have a polar and and hydrophobic parts..what are they?

A

polar head, two hydrophobic tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of sheet does the phospholipds in the plasma membrane form?

A

parallel sheets of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Does the head or tail of the phospholipd form the internal area membrane?

A

the tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the structure of the phospholipds called?

A

phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the phospholipid ensure?

A

that the cytosol and fluid surrounding the cells remain seperate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the surrounding fluid termed?

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glycolipids are lipids attached to what type of group?

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Glycolipids are located on the what region of the phospholipid?

A

only on the outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do glycolipids help form on the cell’s surface? and define term…

A

glycocalyx- the coating of sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What protein composes half of the plasma membrane by weight?

A

the membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do membrane proteins move around the cell?

A

they float and move about fluid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do the membrane proteins get their functions?

A

by resident proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Membrane proteins are classified as what?

A

integral or peripheral membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What’s the major difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

A

integral is embedded withing and extend across lipid bilayer

- Peripheral proteins are not embedded in lipid bilayer and attach loosely to surfaces of the membrane

42
Q

Membrane proteins are categorized how?

A

functionally

43
Q

What are the 4 different types of membrane proteins?

A

transport proteins, cells surface receptors, identity markers, enzymes

44
Q

Transport proteins do what

A

regulate movement of substances across membrane

• e.g., channels, carriers, and pumps

45
Q

Cell surface receptors do what?

A

bind ligand molecules released from a specific cell
• bind receptors on another cell
• e.g., neurotransmitters and hormones

46
Q

Identity markers do what?

A
  • communicate to other cells

* e.g., immune system cells distinguishing healthy cells from foreign cells

47
Q

Enzymes do what?

A

• catalyze chemical reactions

48
Q

What is a very important function of plasma membrane?

A

Regulating movement of materials into and out of a cell

49
Q

What is the process the plasma membrane uses to regulate movement?

A

membrane transport

50
Q

Membrane transport can be categorized as what?

A

passive or active transport

51
Q

Describe passive transport as related to energy and concentration gradient?

A

– Do not require energy
– Depend on substances moving down concentration gradient
• move from where there is more of a substance to where there is less

52
Q

What are the two types of passive processes?

A

diffusion

• osmosis

53
Q

Describe active transport as related to energy and the concentration gradient…

A

Require energy

– E.g., movement of a substance up its concentration gradient

54
Q

Wehn a membrane bound vesicle is released is it active or passive and what is this called?

A

active…termed vesicular transport

55
Q

Diffusion describes what?

A

Moves from area of greater concentration to area of lesser

concentration

56
Q

What types of concentration does diffusion move from and to?

A

Molecules and ions in constant motion due to kinetic energy

57
Q

Molecules and ions in constant motion due to

A

kinetic energy

58
Q

If unopposed, diffusing will continue until the substance reaches what? and describe this…

A

molecules evenly distributed throughout a given area

59
Q

What type of conditions affect rate of diffusion?

A

Environmental conditions

60
Q

What are the two environmental conditions that affect diffusion ?

A

“Steepness” of concentration gradient, Temperature

61
Q

“Steepness” of concentration gradient is the mesure of the difference in what?

A

concentration between two areas

62
Q

Temperature reflects what?

A

kinetic energy and random movement

63
Q

Simple diffusion is what?

A

Molecules passing between phospholipid molecules

64
Q

What solutes does simple diffusion include

A

– Solutes small and nonpolar

65
Q

The solutes in simple diffusion cannot be regulated by what?

A

– Include respiratory gases (O2 and CO2), some fatty acids, ethanol, urea
– Cannot be regulated by plasma membrane

66
Q

The movement of simple diffusion is dependents on what?

A

on concentration gradient alone

67
Q

Simple diffusion will continue to move as long as what?

A

as long as gradient exists

68
Q

Facilitated diffusion is what?

A

Transport process for small charged or polar solutes

69
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires substances from what?

A

Require assistance from plasma membrane proteins

70
Q

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

A

channel-mediated diffusion

• carrier-mediated diffusion

71
Q

A maximum rate of transport in facilitated diffusion is determined by what?

A

by number of channels and carriers

• higher rate with greater number of transport proteins

72
Q

Channel- mediated diffusion is what?

A

Movement of small ions through water-filled protein channels

73
Q

The Channel- mediated channels are specific for what

A

Channels specific for one ion type

74
Q

The Channel- mediated leak channels are what?

A

• continuously open

75
Q

The Channel- mediated gated channels are what?

A

usually closed

• open in response to stimulus

76
Q

Na+ leak channels can be two ways what are they?

A

leak channels and chemically gated Na+ channels

77
Q

Na+ leak channels allow what?

A

allow Na+ to pass through continuously

78
Q

Na + chemically gated channels allow what?

A

allow Na+ to move through in response to a particular chemical

79
Q

Carrier mediated diffusion is what?

A

Small, polar molecules assisted across membrane by carrier protein

80
Q

What substances does Carrier mediated diffusion transport?

A

Transport substances such as glucose

81
Q

In Carrier mediated diffusion binding of a substance causes what?

A

binding of substance causing change in carrier protein shape

– Releases substances on other side of membrane

82
Q

Carrier-mediated diffusion moves substances up or down gradient?

A

Move substances down their gradient

83
Q

Osmosis definition:

A

Passive movement of water through selectively permeable membrane

84
Q

The selectively permeable membrane in osmosis allows for what to pass and prevents what from passing?

A

membrane allowing passage of water

• membrane preventing passage of most solutes

85
Q

Why does osmosis occur?

A

Occurs in response to differences in water concentration

• different concentrations on either side of a membrane

86
Q

The two types of solutes that have to do with selectively permeable membranes are what?

A

permeable solutes, non permeable solutes

87
Q

Permeable solutes can do what and what are some examples?

A

pass through bilayer
• small and nonpolar solutes
• e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide

88
Q

Nonpermeable are what from passing through bilayer and what are the three types of nonpermeable solutes?

A

prevented from passing through bilayer
• charged, polar, or large solutes
• e.g., ions, glucose, proteins

89
Q

The net movement of water by osmosis is dependent on what and does it move up or down it’s gradient?

A

Dependent on concentration gradient between cytosol and solution
– Moves down its gradient

90
Q

Net movement of water by osmosis moves until what occurs?

A

Moves until equilibrium is reached

91
Q

What is equilibrium with osmosis?

A

Equal concentration of water inside and outside cell

92
Q

Net movement of water by osmosis moves toward what type of solution?

A

Moves toward solution with lower water concentration

93
Q

In osmotic pressure steeper gradient causes what two things?

A

Steeper gradient, more water moved by osmosis

– Steeper gradient, greater osmotic pressure

94
Q

What is tonicity?

A

ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of the cell by osmosis

95
Q

An isotonic solution is has what relative concentration which causes what type of movement of water?

A

Both cytosol and solution with same relative concentration of solutes
– No net movement of water

96
Q

An hypotonic solution is has what relative concentration which causes what type of movement of water?

A
  • Solution with a lower concentration of solutes than cytosol
  • Water moving down concentration gradient
    • from outside the cell to inside
97
Q

What can happen with hypotonic solutions with a cell?

A

lysis (rupture)

98
Q

Hemolysis

A

• hemolysis, term for ruptured red blood cells

99
Q

Hypertonic solution is what type of concentration and where does water move?

A

Solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol

– Water moves down concentration gradient

100
Q

What does hypertonic solutions cause within a cell?

A

Moves from inside the cell to outside
– Decreased volume and pressure of cell
– May cause cell to shrink

101
Q

What is the shrinking of a cell called?

A

crenation

A&P 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions