Chapter III: Energy, Chemical Reactions and Cellular Respiration Flashcards
We need energy to: (6 things)
- power muscle
- pump blood
- absorb nutrients
- exchange respiratory gases
- synthesize new molecules
- establish cellular ion concentrations
Energy Def:
the capacity to do work
Potential energy def
- stored energy (energy of position)
Kinetic energy def
- energy of motion
What’s the type of gradient across the plasma membrane of the cell?
concentration gradient
Where is Na+ greater? (outside or inside the cell)
outside
In the concentration gradient where is potential energy transformed into kinetic energy
when sodium ion moves from area of high concenetration to an area of lesser concentration
What is it called when something moves from higher to lower concentrations?
diffusion
Chemical Energy Def:
energy stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds
What is chemical energy used for?
movement, molecule synthesis, establishing concentration gradients
Chemical energy is a form of what type of energy?
potential energy
Tryglycerides use chemical energy with ______
long term energy storage in adipose tissue
Glucose uses chemical energy with ____
glycogen stored in liver and muscle
ATP uses chemical energy with ___
storing in all cells
Protein uses chemical energy with _______-
can be used as a fuel molecule but has more important functions
Kinetic energy: Electric energy def
the movement of charged particles
Kinetic energy: mechanical energy def
exhibited by objects in motion
Kinetic energy: Sound energy def
molecule compression caused by a vibrating object
Kinetic energy: radiant energy def
energy of electromagnetic waves
Forms of radiant energy with frequency high than visible light can what to the body?
penetrate the body and mutate DNA
Heat def:
kinetic energy of random motion
Thermodynamics:
study of energy transformation
Energy not used is lost by what?
lost by heat
First law of thermodynamics?
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change in form
Second law of thermodynamics?
when energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat
Metabolism def:
all chemical reactions in the body
When does Chemical REACTIONS occur?
when chemical bonds in existing molecular structures are broken
The summary of chemical reactions are written as what?
chemical equation
How are chemical reactions classified?
by changes in chemical structure, changes in chemical energy and whether the reaction is irreversible or reversible
Catabolism def: (structure)
collective term for all decomposition reactions
Anabolism def: (structure)
collective term for all synthesis reactions
Decomposition reaction is what? (structure)
initial large molecule broken down into smaller structures
Synthesis reaction is what? (structure)
two or more structures combines to form a larger structure
Exergonic reactions? (chemical energy)
reactants with more energy within their chemical bonds than products (ex: decomp reactions)
Endergonic reactions? (chemical energy)
reactans with less energy within their chemical bonds than products (ex: synthesis reactions)
ATP cycling? (chemical energy)
the continuous formation and breakdown of ATP
ATP energy is from what type of reactions?
exergonic reactions
When ATP is oxidized what is the energy released used for?
energy requiring processes
Reaction rate is:
measure of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place
Activation energy is
energy required to break existing chemical bonds
What is used in lab to break chemical bonds faster?
high temperature
Enzymes are what?
catalysts that accelerate normal chemical activities
A uncatalyzed reaction occurs if…
there is no enzyme present
A catalyzed reaction occurs if
an enzyme is presnet
The active site is where what bonds with what?
the substrate bonds with the enzyme
When the substrate bonds with the enzyme it makes a ….
enzyme-substrate complez
What is the specific of the active site and what does this do?
SHAPE
- permits only a singe substrate to bind
helps catalyze only one specific reaction
