A&P T4 Flashcards
4 Tissue Types
Epithelial (last exam), Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Connective Tissue fxn
Connects, Binds, Protects organs
Two type of Connective tissue cells?
Resident cells and wandering cells
Resident cells examples
adipocytes, fibroblasts, fixed macrophages
Fixed macrophages are what type of cell and what are they derived from
immune cell derived form monocyte
Wandering cells are primarily what type of cell?
white blood cell
- mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophage, neutrophiles, lymphocytes
Mast cells are
heparin (prevents blood clotting), histamine (vasodilates)
Plasma cells produce what
antibodies
Free macrophages are derived from what type of cell
monocytes like fixed macrophage
Neutrophiles fxn
neutralize and eat bacteria
Lymphocytes fxn
attack foreign material
Conn tissue has protein fibers list the three
collagen, reticular, elastic
Collagen fibers are
ropelike
- strong & flexible
Reticular fibers are ___. What does it form?
similar to collagen, smaller
forms scaffolding for cells in organs like lymph nodes, spleen and liver
Elastic fibers form a ___. they are ___ and found where?
- branch/weave
- stretchy
- found in lungs, arteries, skin
Ground substance in conn tissue is __ produced by conn tissue cells. What’s the form that it’s in?
non living produced by connective tissue cells can be viscous, semi-solid, or solid
protein fibers + ground substance =
extracellular material
Scurvy is what type of deficiency and what are some symptoms?
vitamin C deficiency
- weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages, abnormal bones
ex: pirate
Functions of conn tissue (6)
physical protection, support and structural frameworm, bining of structures, storage, transport, immune protection
Categories of conn tissue are determined by what
amount of protein fibers vs. ground substance
Two cat of conn tissue inclue
dense and loose conn tissue
What has lots of what and few what?
lots of ground substance, few fibers
fibers arrannged as random framework
Ex of loose conn tissue?
areolar, adipose, reticular
Areolar conn tissue is where in the body and is it vascularized ?
all over body
- highly vascularized
Adipose conn tissue contains what, where is it found
contains lipid drops
- found mostly in the hypodermis
Reticular conn tissue makes up ____ for some organs
framework
Dense conn tissue has little what and lots of what?
little ground substance, lots of fiber
3 types of dense conn tissue
dense reg, dense irregular, elastic
Dense reg fibers arranged like ___. vascularization? and two examples
- arranged like lasagna noodles
- low blood supply= long heal time
- ex tendons and ligaments
- stress typically applied from one direction
Dense irregular has collagen fibers arranged how which helps with what. 5 examples.
collagen fibers arranged randomly, helps with stress from all directions
- ex: skin, organ capusles, periosteum, perichondrium
Elastic fxn. 3 examples.
- stretches and recoils
- trachea, vocal cords, large arteries
- –large arteries include aorta, pulmonary arteries (allows heart time to rest)
Cartilage is a (solid/semisolid) substance. what are the cells called in chondrocytes fund where in cartilage?
- semisolid
- mature cells called chondrocytes
- found in little spaces called Lacunae
3 types of cartliage include?
- hyaline, fibrocartliage, elastic
Hyaline cartliage is ____. what are some examples?
most common
- nose, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
Most bone starts as ____.
cartliage
Fibrocartliage fxn. 3 examples?
weight bearing, shock absobing.
- ex: intervertebral disks, knees ( menisci), pelvic symphysis
Elastic fxn? 2 examples
springy and flexible
- epiglottis and external ear
Bone contains what type of compounds
organic/inorganic
Organic portion of bone:
collagen, glycoproteins
Inorganic portion of bone:
calcium salts
Mature cells in bone are called
osteocytes
Osteocytes are found where?
in spaces caled lacunae
Other cells in bone include?
osteoblasts (build bone)
osteoclasts (break bone)
Bone is covered in dense irregular conn tissue called?
periosteum
Two types of bone include
compact and spongy bone
Compact bone is arranged as ____. which have a ___ shape and a ____ canal?
- bundles of osteon
- cylindrical structure
- central canal
Spongy bone is encased between layers of ____.
compact bone
Function of bone
Hemopoetic tissue in spongy bone makes blood cells and platelets
- protection, levers for movement
Blood is a _____.
fluid conn tissue
Blood is composed of what?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
fxn of blood?
carries nutrients, waste and hormones
Lymph is a _____ tissue. that derived from ____ and eventually returened to….
fluid conn tissue. derived from blood plasma (fluid portion of blood), eventually returned to blood stream
3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle is voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
Cardiac muscle is found where?
middle of the heart wall (mycardium
Cells in cardiac muscle are short and ? they contain (discs)
bifurcated contains intercalated discs that strengthen cell attachments and help nerve signal propagation
Smooth muscle is also called
visceral muscle
Smooth muscle is found where?
found digestive tract and arteries, involuntary
There are more glial cells than neurons in the nervous system?
true
Glial cells:
feed, support and protect neurons
Organs are composed of how many tissue types
2 or more tissue types
Stomach contains how many tissue types
all 4 tissue
Mucus membranes secrete what?
secretes fluid
mucous membranes are (open/closed) to outside enviornemtn
open to outside enviornment
Serous membranes secrete fluid and are where in the body
internal enviornments used to lubricate and protect organs
Synovial membranes secrete fluid and are located where
in the joints like knee and elbows
Atrophy is:
shrinkage is tissues
Necrosis is:
tissue death
The is composed of what?
- Composed of skin & it’s derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)
- Barrier to the outside world
Skin composed what % of body weight
10 %
Layers of the skin ? top to bottom
-Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
(come, lets get sun burned)
Stratum Corneum has how many layers of dead cells?
- 20-30 layers of DEAD keratinized cells
- unsuitable for microbe growth
Stratum Lucidum is called that because? found where?
- Lucid = Clear
- Only found in specific areas
- Palms of hands, soles of feet
Stratum Granulosum is full of what? rest of the cell structures do what?
- Full of Keratin Granules
- The rest of cell structures (nucleus, etc) disintegrate
Stratum Spinosum is the ___ layer. it does or does not divide?. attached to what? has what cells?
- “Spiney Layer”
- Not dividing
- Attached by Desomosome junctions “rivets”
- Dendritic Cells
Immune cells
Stratum basale is ___ mitotic? how long does it take to replace ? Cells include (3) ?
- HIGHLY mitotic – replaces layers above
- Each full migration, from basale layer to corneum layer takes 4-6 weeks
- Cells:
- Keratinocytes
most abundant - Melanocytes
Melanin pigment - Tactile Nerve Cells
The dermis is mostly ___tissue? vessels supply where? fxn?
- Mostly connective tissue
- Dermal Blood vessels supply epidermis
- regulate temperature & blood pressure
- vasoconstriction & vasodilation
The hypodermis is rich in ___ tissue. FXN. site for where (medical)?
- Rich in adipose tissue used for energy & insulation
- Common site of drug injection
Thick skin is found? what does it not have (structures)?
- Soles, palms
- No hair or sebaceous glands
Color by which three cells?
- hemoglobin
- melanin
- carotene
Hemoglobin
- Red Color (ex: blushing)
ex: Vasodilation
Melanin give what color? helps with what? transferred to what cell after being produced in what cell?
- Dark brown/black color
- Assists in UV protection
- Transferred to keratinocytes after being produced by melanocytes
Carotene produces what color? where do you get it? what is it converted to (vitamin)?
- Yellow/orange color
- From Vegetables
- Converted to Vitamin A
Marking on skin include?
nevus, freckles, hemangioma
Nevus is a ___. caused by ___
- (mole)
- Overgrowth of melanocytes (more cells)
- May become malignant in rare cases
Freckles are areas of ____. produces what color?
- Areas of increased melanocyte activity (more melanin per cell)
- Yellow/Brown in color
Hemangioma is a?
birthmark
Patterns of skin include ___ which help with ____.
- Ridge patterns (ex: fingerprints)
- increase friction
3 types of hair?
- lanugo
- vellus
- terminal
Lanugo is
baby hair
Vellus is
leg hair
Terminal hair is
head and pubic regions
Fxn of hair 4
- Protection
- heat retention
- Sensory Reception
- Visual Identification
- Chemical Signal Dispersal Pheramones
Vitamin D increases the absorption of ____ & ____.
calcium and phosphate
ex: vitamin D milk
Rickets is?
vitamin D deficiency — caused bowed legs in children
Tissue repair 4 steps:
- Bleed
- Clot & Immune Response (leukocytes)
- Fibers laid by Fibroblasts
- Regenerate Epithelium (Stratum Basale mitosis fills wound)
If Scarring: Collagen fibers
Burns
first, 2nd , third, fourth
1st degree is
Epidermis Only
2nd degree is
Into dermis – causes blisters (ex: sunburn)
3rd degree is
- Epidermis & dermis are gone, requires hospitalization
large risk of infection, dehydration – may require debridement
4th degree is
Muscle & bone burned
UV radiation is a common cause for what?
skin cancer …#1 cancer in the world
Mole check. (A,B,C’s)
A = Asymmetry B = Border C = Color D = Diameter
Bone is ____ and continually rebuilds and remodels itself
living
Skeleton is replaced every ___ years?
5
Two types of bone?
compact and spongy bone
Compact bone make sup
80% of bone mass
Compact bone - osteons are
the cylindrical structures that make up compact bone
Components of compact bone ?
concentric lamellae and canaliculi
Collagen fibers of bone oriented at ___ degree angles to eachother?
90
What causes extreme strength in bone?
Each ‘lamellae’, or layer, is a spiral of collagen fibers. Each layer spirals in the opposite direction of the one before it. This lends to EXTREME strength.
What are canaliculis?
‘Canals’ between osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange
What do perforation canals allow?
Allow redundant blood flow through the bone
Spongy bone also called
Trabecular bone
What htake place in spongy bone?
- Hemopoesis takes place here in red bone marrow
- In the ends of long bones, interior of flat bones
- Stem cells form blood cells & platelets
Stored in bones is
calcium, phosphate, lipids
Calciuma dn phospate is sued for what
Calcium used for muscles, nerves, & blood clotting
Phosphate used for energy (ATP) and cell membranes
Lipids is stored in what type of bone in ADULTS
Stored in yellow bone marrow of adults
Around long bones is?
periosteum
Periosteum is made up of what tissue, it’s a site for what, it holds what?
- Sheet of dense irregular tissue, attachment site for ligaments & tendons
- Holds Nerves and blood vessels
Endosteum is ___. what type of bone fills space?
- within the bone
- Internal surface of the bone, lines the hollow center (medullary cavity)
- Spongy Bone fills the center
Epiphyseal plate is where
the bone grows longer
The epiphyseal plate is compose of what in children?
hyaline cartilage in children
Hyaline cartliage ___ in adults and becomes the ____ line.
Ossifies (becomes bone) in adults, becomes the epiphyseal line
Bone is ___ vascular. especially what type of bone?
Bone is HIGHLY vascular – especially spongy bone
The nutrient foramen is what?
- The entry/exit site for blood vessels
Red bone marrow produces what?
Red bone marrow produces blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)
What the location of red bone marrow in children?
In children: Medullary Cavity of bones (all over – children need blood!)
What’s the location of red bone marrow in adults?
Axial skeleton, the ends of long bones, interior of flat bones
Red bone marrow converts to what over time?
yellow bone marrow
What’s the 3 classificaiton sof bone fractures? what’s the healing time
Pathological (caused by disease)
Simple (bone doesn’t penetrate skin)
Complex (bone penetrates skin)
Healing time takes 2-3 months
Fracture Repair Process
- Bone bleeds (hematoma), macrophages clean the area
- Fibrocartilage laid down
New bone (soft callus) - Spongy bone reinforces area
- Compact Bone replaces spongy bone
