Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > A&P T4 > Flashcards

A&P T4 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Tissue Types

A

Epithelial (last exam), Connective, Muscle, Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Connective Tissue fxn

A

Connects, Binds, Protects organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two type of Connective tissue cells?

A

Resident cells and wandering cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Resident cells examples

A

adipocytes, fibroblasts, fixed macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fixed macrophages are what type of cell and what are they derived from

A

immune cell derived form monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wandering cells are primarily what type of cell?

A

white blood cell

- mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophage, neutrophiles, lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mast cells are

A

heparin (prevents blood clotting), histamine (vasodilates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma cells produce what

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Free macrophages are derived from what type of cell

A

monocytes like fixed macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neutrophiles fxn

A

neutralize and eat bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lymphocytes fxn

A

attack foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conn tissue has protein fibers list the three

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collagen fibers are

A

ropelike

- strong & flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reticular fibers are ___. What does it form?

A

similar to collagen, smaller

forms scaffolding for cells in organs like lymph nodes, spleen and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elastic fibers form a ___. they are ___ and found where?

A
  • branch/weave
  • stretchy
  • found in lungs, arteries, skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ground substance in conn tissue is __ produced by conn tissue cells. What’s the form that it’s in?

A

non living produced by connective tissue cells can be viscous, semi-solid, or solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

protein fibers + ground substance =

A

extracellular material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Scurvy is what type of deficiency and what are some symptoms?

A

vitamin C deficiency

  • weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages, abnormal bones
    ex: pirate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of conn tissue (6)

A

physical protection, support and structural frameworm, bining of structures, storage, transport, immune protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Categories of conn tissue are determined by what

A

amount of protein fibers vs. ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two cat of conn tissue inclue

A

dense and loose conn tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What has lots of what and few what?

A

lots of ground substance, few fibers

fibers arrannged as random framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ex of loose conn tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Areolar conn tissue is where in the body and is it vascularized ?

A

all over body

- highly vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adipose conn tissue contains what, where is it found

A

contains lipid drops

- found mostly in the hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reticular conn tissue makes up ____ for some organs

A

framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dense conn tissue has little what and lots of what?

A

little ground substance, lots of fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 types of dense conn tissue

A

dense reg, dense irregular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dense reg fibers arranged like ___. vascularization? and two examples

A
  • arranged like lasagna noodles
  • low blood supply= long heal time
  • ex tendons and ligaments
    - stress typically applied from one direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dense irregular has collagen fibers arranged how which helps with what. 5 examples.

A

collagen fibers arranged randomly, helps with stress from all directions
- ex: skin, organ capusles, periosteum, perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Elastic fxn. 3 examples.

A
  • stretches and recoils
  • trachea, vocal cords, large arteries
    • –large arteries include aorta, pulmonary arteries (allows heart time to rest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cartilage is a (solid/semisolid) substance. what are the cells called in chondrocytes fund where in cartilage?

A
  • semisolid
  • mature cells called chondrocytes
  • found in little spaces called Lacunae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

3 types of cartliage include?

A
  • hyaline, fibrocartliage, elastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hyaline cartliage is ____. what are some examples?

A

most common

- nose, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Most bone starts as ____.

A

cartliage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fibrocartliage fxn. 3 examples?

A

weight bearing, shock absobing.

- ex: intervertebral disks, knees ( menisci), pelvic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Elastic fxn? 2 examples

A

springy and flexible

- epiglottis and external ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bone contains what type of compounds

A

organic/inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Organic portion of bone:

A

collagen, glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Inorganic portion of bone:

A

calcium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mature cells in bone are called

A

osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Osteocytes are found where?

A

in spaces caled lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Other cells in bone include?

A

osteoblasts (build bone)

osteoclasts (break bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bone is covered in dense irregular conn tissue called?

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Two types of bone include

A

compact and spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Compact bone is arranged as ____. which have a ___ shape and a ____ canal?

A
  • bundles of osteon
  • cylindrical structure
  • central canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spongy bone is encased between layers of ____.

A

compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Function of bone

A

Hemopoetic tissue in spongy bone makes blood cells and platelets
- protection, levers for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Blood is a _____.

A

fluid conn tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Blood is composed of what?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

fxn of blood?

A

carries nutrients, waste and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Lymph is a _____ tissue. that derived from ____ and eventually returened to….

A

fluid conn tissue. derived from blood plasma (fluid portion of blood), eventually returned to blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

54
Q

Skeletal muscle is voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

55
Q

Cardiac muscle is found where?

A

middle of the heart wall (mycardium

56
Q

Cells in cardiac muscle are short and ? they contain (discs)

A

bifurcated contains intercalated discs that strengthen cell attachments and help nerve signal propagation

57
Q

Smooth muscle is also called

A

visceral muscle

58
Q

Smooth muscle is found where?

A

found digestive tract and arteries, involuntary

59
Q

There are more glial cells than neurons in the nervous system?

A

true

60
Q

Glial cells:

A

feed, support and protect neurons

61
Q

Organs are composed of how many tissue types

A

2 or more tissue types

62
Q

Stomach contains how many tissue types

A

all 4 tissue

63
Q

Mucus membranes secrete what?

A

secretes fluid

64
Q

mucous membranes are (open/closed) to outside enviornemtn

A

open to outside enviornment

65
Q

Serous membranes secrete fluid and are where in the body

A

internal enviornments used to lubricate and protect organs

66
Q

Synovial membranes secrete fluid and are located where

A

in the joints like knee and elbows

67
Q

Atrophy is:

A

shrinkage is tissues

68
Q

Necrosis is:

A

tissue death

69
Q

The is composed of what?

A
  • Composed of skin & it’s derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)
  • Barrier to the outside world
70
Q

Skin composed what % of body weight

A

10 %

71
Q

Layers of the skin ? top to bottom

A

-Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
(come, lets get sun burned)

72
Q

Stratum Corneum has how many layers of dead cells?

A
  • 20-30 layers of DEAD keratinized cells

- unsuitable for microbe growth

73
Q

Stratum Lucidum is called that because? found where?

A
  • Lucid = Clear
  • Only found in specific areas
  • Palms of hands, soles of feet
74
Q

Stratum Granulosum is full of what? rest of the cell structures do what?

A
  • Full of Keratin Granules

- The rest of cell structures (nucleus, etc) disintegrate

75
Q

Stratum Spinosum is the ___ layer. it does or does not divide?. attached to what? has what cells?

A
  • “Spiney Layer”
  • Not dividing
  • Attached by Desomosome junctions “rivets”
  • Dendritic Cells
    Immune cells
76
Q

Stratum basale is ___ mitotic? how long does it take to replace ? Cells include (3) ?

A
  • HIGHLY mitotic – replaces layers above
  • Each full migration, from basale layer to corneum layer takes 4-6 weeks
  • Cells:
  • Keratinocytes
    most abundant
  • Melanocytes
    Melanin pigment
  • Tactile Nerve Cells
77
Q

The dermis is mostly ___tissue? vessels supply where? fxn?

A
  • Mostly connective tissue
  • Dermal Blood vessels supply epidermis
  • regulate temperature & blood pressure
  • vasoconstriction & vasodilation
78
Q

The hypodermis is rich in ___ tissue. FXN. site for where (medical)?

A
  • Rich in adipose tissue used for energy & insulation

- Common site of drug injection

79
Q

Thick skin is found? what does it not have (structures)?

A
  • Soles, palms

- No hair or sebaceous glands

80
Q

Color by which three cells?

A
  • hemoglobin
  • melanin
  • carotene
81
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Red Color (ex: blushing)

ex: Vasodilation

82
Q

Melanin give what color? helps with what? transferred to what cell after being produced in what cell?

A
  • Dark brown/black color
  • Assists in UV protection
  • Transferred to keratinocytes after being produced by melanocytes
83
Q

Carotene produces what color? where do you get it? what is it converted to (vitamin)?

A
  • Yellow/orange color
  • From Vegetables
  • Converted to Vitamin A
84
Q

Marking on skin include?

A

nevus, freckles, hemangioma

85
Q

Nevus is a ___. caused by ___

A
  • (mole)
  • Overgrowth of melanocytes (more cells)
  • May become malignant in rare cases
86
Q

Freckles are areas of ____. produces what color?

A
  • Areas of increased melanocyte activity (more melanin per cell)
  • Yellow/Brown in color
87
Q

Hemangioma is a?

A

birthmark

88
Q

Patterns of skin include ___ which help with ____.

A
  • Ridge patterns (ex: fingerprints)

- increase friction

89
Q

3 types of hair?

A
  • lanugo
  • vellus
  • terminal
90
Q

Lanugo is

A

baby hair

91
Q

Vellus is

A

leg hair

92
Q

Terminal hair is

A

head and pubic regions

93
Q

Fxn of hair 4

A
  • Protection
    • heat retention
  • Sensory Reception
  • Visual Identification
  • Chemical Signal Dispersal Pheramones
94
Q

Vitamin D increases the absorption of ____ & ____.

A

calcium and phosphate

ex: vitamin D milk

95
Q

Rickets is?

A

vitamin D deficiency — caused bowed legs in children

96
Q

Tissue repair 4 steps:

A
  • Bleed
  • Clot & Immune Response (leukocytes)
  • Fibers laid by Fibroblasts
  • Regenerate Epithelium (Stratum Basale mitosis fills wound)
    If Scarring: Collagen fibers
97
Q

Burns

A

first, 2nd , third, fourth

98
Q

1st degree is

A

Epidermis Only

99
Q

2nd degree is

A

Into dermis – causes blisters (ex: sunburn)

100
Q

3rd degree is

A
  • Epidermis & dermis are gone, requires hospitalization

large risk of infection, dehydration – may require debridement

101
Q

4th degree is

A

Muscle & bone burned

102
Q

UV radiation is a common cause for what?

A

skin cancer …#1 cancer in the world

103
Q

Mole check. (A,B,C’s)

A 
A = Asymmetry
B = Border
C = Color
D = Diameter
104
Q

Bone is ____ and continually rebuilds and remodels itself

A

living

105
Q

Skeleton is replaced every ___ years?

A

5

106
Q

Two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy bone

107
Q

Compact bone make sup

A

80% of bone mass

108
Q

Compact bone - osteons are

A

the cylindrical structures that make up compact bone

109
Q

Components of compact bone ?

A

concentric lamellae and canaliculi

110
Q

Collagen fibers of bone oriented at ___ degree angles to eachother?

A

90

111
Q

What causes extreme strength in bone?

A

Each ‘lamellae’, or layer, is a spiral of collagen fibers. Each layer spirals in the opposite direction of the one before it. This lends to EXTREME strength.

112
Q

What are canaliculis?

A

‘Canals’ between osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange

113
Q

What do perforation canals allow?

A

Allow redundant blood flow through the bone

114
Q

Spongy bone also called

A

Trabecular bone

115
Q

What htake place in spongy bone?

A
  • Hemopoesis takes place here in red bone marrow
    • In the ends of long bones, interior of flat bones
    • Stem cells form blood cells & platelets
116
Q

Stored in bones is

A

calcium, phosphate, lipids

117
Q

Calciuma dn phospate is sued for what

A

Calcium used for muscles, nerves, & blood clotting

Phosphate used for energy (ATP) and cell membranes

118
Q

Lipids is stored in what type of bone in ADULTS

A

Stored in yellow bone marrow of adults

119
Q

Around long bones is?

A

periosteum

120
Q

Periosteum is made up of what tissue, it’s a site for what, it holds what?

A
  • Sheet of dense irregular tissue, attachment site for ligaments & tendons
  • Holds Nerves and blood vessels
121
Q

Endosteum is ___. what type of bone fills space?

A
  • within the bone
  • Internal surface of the bone, lines the hollow center (medullary cavity)
  • Spongy Bone fills the center
122
Q

Epiphyseal plate is where

A

the bone grows longer

123
Q

The epiphyseal plate is compose of what in children?

A

hyaline cartilage in children

124
Q

Hyaline cartliage ___ in adults and becomes the ____ line.

A

Ossifies (becomes bone) in adults, becomes the epiphyseal line

125
Q

Bone is ___ vascular. especially what type of bone?

A

Bone is HIGHLY vascular – especially spongy bone

126
Q

The nutrient foramen is what?

A
  • The entry/exit site for blood vessels
127
Q

Red bone marrow produces what?

A

Red bone marrow produces blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

128
Q

What the location of red bone marrow in children?

A

In children: Medullary Cavity of bones (all over – children need blood!)

129
Q

What’s the location of red bone marrow in adults?

A

Axial skeleton, the ends of long bones, interior of flat bones

130
Q

Red bone marrow converts to what over time?

A

yellow bone marrow

131
Q

What’s the 3 classificaiton sof bone fractures? what’s the healing time

A

Pathological (caused by disease)
Simple (bone doesn’t penetrate skin)
Complex (bone penetrates skin)
Healing time takes 2-3 months

132
Q

Fracture Repair Process

A
  • Bone bleeds (hematoma), macrophages clean the area
  • Fibrocartilage laid down
    New bone (soft callus)
  • Spongy bone reinforces area
  • Compact Bone replaces spongy bone

A&P 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions