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Biomedicine I > Test Questions > Flashcards

Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The output reverses the input

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2
Q

Collagen

A

A fibre that provides strength in bones, ligaments and tendons

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3
Q

Elastin

A

Made from protein and is surrounded by glycoproteins. to add strength. Is is strong but stretchy.

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone is opposite to

A

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Rheuamtoid Arthritis Markers

A

DR 1 or DR 4

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6
Q

Bone develops from connective tissue sheets

A

Intramembraneous Ossification

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7
Q

Bones develops by replacing hyaline cartillage

A

Endochondral Ossification

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Growth

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Autoimmune disease of the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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10
Q

Equalisation of the middle ear

A

Eustachean Tube

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11
Q

The key inflammatory mediator of asthma

A

Leukotrienes

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12
Q

Symptoms of anaemia

A 
Symptoms: 
Fatigue 
Shortness of breath on exertion
Palpitations
Irritability
Fainting.
Signs: 
Tachycardia 
Thin & thready pulse
Pallor (skin/conjunctiva).
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13
Q

Thromboxane

A

Vasoconstrictor

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14
Q

Haemophilia A Clotting Factor

A

8

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15
Q

Haemophilia B Clotting Factor

A

9

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16
Q

Saliva Substances

A
  • Water(99.5%).
  • Mineral Salts (Na, K, Ca, Cl, Bicarbonate, P).
  • Enzymes: salivary amylase (parotid), lysozymes (found in many body secretions, breaks down bacterial cell walls).
  • Mucous.
  • Immunoglobulins(IgA).
  • Blood clotting factors.
  • pH 6.35-6.85 (mildly acidic).
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17
Q

Family of Enzymes in Phase I Liver Detox

A

CYP450

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18
Q

Where do you find Peyer’s Patches

A

Ileum (submucosa)

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19
Q

Two nerves plexus in GIT

A

Myenteric

Submucosal

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20
Q

Hypothalamus Hormones

A

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormon inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormone - Dopamine (PIH)

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Growth hormone (hGH) 
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 
Prolactin (PRL) 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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22
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Oxytocin 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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23
Q

Adrenal Gland: Medulla Hormones

A
  • Adrenaline (epinephrine).
  • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
  • Dopamine.
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24
Q

Adrenal Gland: Cortex Hormones

A

Cortex(outer): produces 3 groups of steroid hormones:
• Glucocorticoids(primarily cortisol).
• Mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone).
• Sex hormones (primarily androgens).

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25
Q

Skeletal Muscles in the back

A

Trapezius
Erector Spinae
Quadratus Lumborum
Latissimus

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26
Q

Flexion

A

Angle decreases

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27
Q

Extenision

A

Angle increases

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28
Q

Cardiac Muscle vs Skeletal Muscle

A 
Ony found in heart 
Autorhythmic
Contains intercalcated discs
Branching cells
Involuntary
Stays contracted longer
single nucleus
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29
Q

Myosin vs Actin

A

Myosin is in the middle

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30
Q

Symptoms of Fibromyalgia

A 
Widespread pain
Depression
Disrupted sleep
Weakness
Anxiety
Tingling
Numbness
IBS Symptoms
Headaches
Debilitating fatigue
Feeling of swollen joints, where none exist
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31
Q

Triggers of Fibromyalgia

A 
Stress
Trauma
Sleep dysregulation
Post-viral
Toxic load
High substance P
Serotonin and Noradrenalin deficiencies
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32
Q

34 weeks gestations

A

Lack of lung surfactant, risk of aveolar collapse

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33
Q

Respiratory Centre of the Brain

A

Brainstem/ Medulla and Pons

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34
Q

Extrinsic (atopic) Asthma

A

Immune mediated/ IgE response to allergens

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35
Q

Symptoms of Asthma

A 
Breathlessness
Tight chest
Wheezing
Cough
Sputum
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36
Q

Causes/Risks of sleep apnoea

A 
Obesity
Male
Middle Aged
Smoker
Alcohol 
Sedatives
Rhinitis
Polyps
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37
Q

Vitamin K

A

Production of 4 clotting factors

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38
Q

Symptoms of Anaemia

A 
Fatigue
Breathlessness
Irritability
Palpitations
Fainting
39
Q

B12 vs Iron deficienet Anaemia

A

Neurological symptoms (tingling and numbness)

40
Q

Jaundice as result of anaemia

A

Haemolytic Anaemia: Excessive haemolysis leads to excessive bilirubin formation

41
Q

Anaemia vs Polycythemia

A

Pallor vs Redness

42
Q

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain
Neck/shoulder/jaw pain
Dyspnooea

43
Q

Liver Functions

A 
Detoxification
Cleansing blood
Bile production
Metabolism of glucose and fats
Heat production
Synthesis
Storage
44
Q

Symptoms of Appendicitis

A 
Pain initally around umbilicus
Pain then in lower right ilia
Nausea
Fever
Vomitting
Diarrhoea
45
Q

Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A 
Bloody stool 
Pain
Rectal bleeding
Fever
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomitting
Delayed puberty
Weight loss
Indigestion, "feeling blocked"
Anaemia
46
Q

Causes of IBD

A 
Auto-immune
Diet
Genetics
Antibiotics
Infections
Compromised Immunity
47
Q

Coeliac Disease

A

Auto Immune

Intolerant to Gluten

48
Q

Symptoms of Type I Diabetes

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue
Mental status changes
Blurred Vision
Slow healing
Breathlessness
Fruity smelling breath
49
Q

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A 
Heart disease
Hypercholesterolaemia
Hypertension
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Peripheral neuropathy
50
Q

Causes of Splenomegaly

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Viral or bacterial infections (glandular fever)
Liver diseases
Blood and lymphatic malignancies

51
Q

Types of cells in Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Leukcocytes

52
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of compact bone

53
Q

DXA scan T-Score

A

+1 to -1 is normal

-1 to -2.5 ostepenia

54
Q

Functions of muscular system

A 
Posture
Thermoregulation
Movement
Glycogen storage
Movement of substances
55
Q

Sleep Apnoea

A

Intermittant and repeated upper airway collapse during sleep

56
Q

COPD

A

• COPD causes airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is progressive. The airflow limitation is due to airway and functional lung tissue damage.
• Associated with a chronic inflammatory response of the lungs (usually, to inhaled toxins).
• COPD refers to a combination of two main pathologies (of varying proportions):
 Emphysema -> walls of the alveoli damaged & destroyed, leading to reduced gas exchange.
 Chronic bronchitisthe bronchial lining is constantly irritated & inflamed -> thick mucous.

57
Q

Inhalers

A

Blue - bronchodilator

Brown - corticosteroid

58
Q

Complications of COPD

A 
Heart disease
Pulmonary failure
Lung cancer
Pulmonary hypertension
Recurrent infections
59
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules are found in one Erythrocyte?

A

280 million

60
Q

Megoblastic Anaemia

A

Large immature blood cells, assoc with folate and B12 deficiency

61
Q

Stroke

A

A cerebrovascular incident involving inadequate blood to the brain

62
Q

Right-sided heart failure

A

•Systemic oedema.
•Ascites.
•Portal hypertension (oesophageal varices, haemorrhoids).
Peripheral oedema

63
Q

Left-sided heart failure

A
  • Pulmonary oedema.
  • Congestion bronchitis.
  • Cardiac asthma (often most severe at night)
64
Q

Stress on enteric nervous system

A

Increases SNS leads to reduced peristalsis and secretions

65
Q

Microbes in Large Intestine

A

Immunity
Production of vitamins
Fermentation and digestion

66
Q

Phagocytic cells in liver

A

Kuppfer Cells

67
Q

Appearance of oral thrush

A

White plagues on oral mucosa
Cottage cheese look
Raw and red underneath

68
Q

Red flag of oesphogeal cancer

A

Dysphagia

69
Q

Risk factors/causes of Oesophageal Cancer

A 
GORD - reflux
Smoking 
Alcohol
Barret's Oesophagus
Low fruit and vegetables
Increasing age
70
Q

Complications of Appendicitis

A

Perforation

Peritonitis

71
Q

The more biologically active form of Thyroid hormone

A

T3

72
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A 
SYMPTOMS:
Tiredness,
Malaise
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Constipation
Depression.
Slow cognitive function
Poor memory
Low libido
Deep voice
Menstrual changes
Muscle aches
Arthralgia (joint pain)
SIGNS:
Goitre
Dry, brittle skin & thin hair
Loss of eyebrows.
‘Myxoedema’ (swelling) often around the eyes (deposition of polysaccharides which attract water).
73
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Gradual wear and tear of the articular cartilage
Cartilage wears away causing underlying bone exposure
Remodeling of underlying bone
Bone overgrows and osteophytes form

74
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Filament attached to ‘dense bodies’

75
Q

Myoglobin

A

Stores oxygen

76
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium

77
Q

Structure of larynx

A

9 cartilage pieces, with vocal cords

78
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Sound production
Warm air
Air passage
Prevents food entering trachea

79
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Blood clotting

80
Q

Nutrients requred in erythrocyte formation

A

Folate
B12
Iron

81
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia

A 
Jaundice
Fatigue 
Tachycardia 
Shortness of breath 
Palpitations
Irritability 
Fainting 
Abdo/Shoulder pain (gall stones)
Pain in digits
82
Q

Observable signs of Iron deficiency anaemia

A

Spooning of nails
Angular Stomitis
Brittle hair

83
Q

Observable signs of Thrombocytopenia

A

Bruising
Petechia
Vomitting blood
Bleeding gums

84
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

85
Q

Dietary Lipids

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

86
Q

Causues of Gastro-oesophageal reflux

A 
Obesity
Hiatus hernia
pregnancy
Trigger foods
Stress
87
Q

Complications of GORD

A

Oesophageal cancer
Barret’s oesophagus
Ulcers

88
Q

Coeliac Pathophysiology

A

Coeliac disease strips the microvilli & villi, causing atrophy.
Loss of brush border (loss of brush border enzymes (i.e. lactase) because of villi atrophy
Without Lactase we can’t break down Lactose

89
Q

Coeliac symptoms

A 
Fatigue
Weightloss
Diarrhoea
Constipation
Foul smelling stools
Bloating
Flatulence
Loss of appetite
Irritability
Anxiety
Depression
90
Q

Medical investigations for Coeliac

A

Blood test
Endoscopy
Stool analysis
Biopsy

91
Q

Functions of cortisol

A 
Increase blood sugar
Suppress immune system
Proteolysis
Lipolysis
Weak absorption of sodium and water
92
Q

Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes

A 
Obesity
Genetics
Poor diet
No or little execise 
Pregnancy
Low birth weight
93
Q

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A 
Heart disease
Hypertension
Retinopathy
Kidney disease
Neuropathy
94
Q

Similarities between veins and lymphatic vessel

A

Valves
3 layers
Bring fluid towards the heart

Biomedicine I (18 decks)

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