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Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The output reverses the input

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2
Q

Collagen

A

A fibre that provides strength in bones, ligaments and tendons

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3
Q

Elastin

A

Made from protein and is surrounded by glycoproteins. to add strength. Is is strong but stretchy.

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone is opposite to

A

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Rheuamtoid Arthritis Markers

A

DR 1 or DR 4

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6
Q

Bone develops from connective tissue sheets

A

Intramembraneous Ossification

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7
Q

Bones develops by replacing hyaline cartillage

A

Endochondral Ossification

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Growth

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Autoimmune disease of the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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10
Q

Equalisation of the middle ear

A

Eustachean Tube

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11
Q

The key inflammatory mediator of asthma

A

Leukotrienes

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12
Q

Symptoms of anaemia

A 
Symptoms: 
Fatigue 
Shortness of breath on exertion
Palpitations
Irritability
Fainting.
Signs: 
Tachycardia 
Thin & thready pulse
Pallor (skin/conjunctiva).
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13
Q

Thromboxane

A

Vasoconstrictor

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14
Q

Haemophilia A Clotting Factor

A

8

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15
Q

Haemophilia B Clotting Factor

A

9

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16
Q

Saliva Substances

A
  • Water(99.5%).
  • Mineral Salts (Na, K, Ca, Cl, Bicarbonate, P).
  • Enzymes: salivary amylase (parotid), lysozymes (found in many body secretions, breaks down bacterial cell walls).
  • Mucous.
  • Immunoglobulins(IgA).
  • Blood clotting factors.
  • pH 6.35-6.85 (mildly acidic).
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17
Q

Family of Enzymes in Phase I Liver Detox

A

CYP450

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18
Q

Where do you find Peyer’s Patches

A

Ileum (submucosa)

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19
Q

Two nerves plexus in GIT

A

Myenteric

Submucosal

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20
Q

Hypothalamus Hormones

A

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormon inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormone - Dopamine (PIH)

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Growth hormone (hGH) 
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 
Prolactin (PRL) 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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22
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Oxytocin 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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23
Q

Adrenal Gland: Medulla Hormones

A
  • Adrenaline (epinephrine).
  • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
  • Dopamine.
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24
Q

Adrenal Gland: Cortex Hormones

A

Cortex(outer): produces 3 groups of steroid hormones:
• Glucocorticoids(primarily cortisol).
• Mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone).
• Sex hormones (primarily androgens).

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25
Skeletal Muscles in the back
Trapezius Erector Spinae Quadratus Lumborum Latissimus
26
Flexion
Angle decreases
27
Extenision
Angle increases
28
Cardiac Muscle vs Skeletal Muscle
``` Ony found in heart Autorhythmic Contains intercalcated discs Branching cells Involuntary Stays contracted longer single nucleus ```
29
Myosin vs Actin
Myosin is in the middle
30
Symptoms of Fibromyalgia
``` Widespread pain Depression Disrupted sleep Weakness Anxiety Tingling Numbness IBS Symptoms Headaches Debilitating fatigue Feeling of swollen joints, where none exist ```
31
Triggers of Fibromyalgia
``` Stress Trauma Sleep dysregulation Post-viral Toxic load High substance P Serotonin and Noradrenalin deficiencies ```
32
34 weeks gestations
Lack of lung surfactant, risk of aveolar collapse
33
Respiratory Centre of the Brain
Brainstem/ Medulla and Pons
34
Extrinsic (atopic) Asthma
Immune mediated/ IgE response to allergens
35
Symptoms of Asthma
``` Breathlessness Tight chest Wheezing Cough Sputum ```
36
Causes/Risks of sleep apnoea
``` Obesity Male Middle Aged Smoker Alcohol Sedatives Rhinitis Polyps ```
37
Vitamin K
Production of 4 clotting factors
38
Symptoms of Anaemia
``` Fatigue Breathlessness Irritability Palpitations Fainting ```
39
B12 vs Iron deficienet Anaemia
Neurological symptoms (tingling and numbness)
40
Jaundice as result of anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia: Excessive haemolysis leads to excessive bilirubin formation
41
Anaemia vs Polycythemia
Pallor vs Redness
42
Symptoms of Angina Pectoris
Chest pain Neck/shoulder/jaw pain Dyspnooea
43
Liver Functions
``` Detoxification Cleansing blood Bile production Metabolism of glucose and fats Heat production Synthesis Storage ```
44
Symptoms of Appendicitis
``` Pain initally around umbilicus Pain then in lower right ilia Nausea Fever Vomitting Diarrhoea ```
45
Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
``` Bloody stool Pain Rectal bleeding Fever Fatigue Nausea Vomitting Delayed puberty Weight loss Indigestion, "feeling blocked" Anaemia ```
46
Causes of IBD
``` Auto-immune Diet Genetics Antibiotics Infections Compromised Immunity ```
47
Coeliac Disease
Auto Immune | Intolerant to Gluten
48
Symptoms of Type I Diabetes
``` Polyuria Polydipsia Weight loss Weakness Fatigue Mental status changes Blurred Vision Slow healing Breathlessness Fruity smelling breath ```
49
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
``` Heart disease Hypercholesterolaemia Hypertension Retinopathy Nephropathy Peripheral neuropathy ```
50
Causes of Splenomegaly
Haemolytic anaemia Viral or bacterial infections (glandular fever) Liver diseases Blood and lymphatic malignancies
51
Types of cells in Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts Adipocytes Leukcocytes
52
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bone
53
DXA scan T-Score
+1 to -1 is normal | -1 to -2.5 ostepenia
54
Functions of muscular system
``` Posture Thermoregulation Movement Glycogen storage Movement of substances ```
55
Sleep Apnoea
Intermittant and repeated upper airway collapse during sleep
56
COPD
• COPD causes airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is progressive. The airflow limitation is due to airway and functional lung tissue damage. • Associated with a chronic inflammatory response of the lungs (usually, to inhaled toxins). • COPD refers to a combination of two main pathologies (of varying proportions):  Emphysema -> walls of the alveoli damaged & destroyed, leading to reduced gas exchange.  Chronic bronchitisthe bronchial lining is constantly irritated & inflamed -> thick mucous.
57
Inhalers
Blue - bronchodilator | Brown - corticosteroid
58
Complications of COPD
``` Heart disease Pulmonary failure Lung cancer Pulmonary hypertension Recurrent infections ```
59
How many haemoglobin molecules are found in one Erythrocyte?
280 million
60
Megoblastic Anaemia
Large immature blood cells, assoc with folate and B12 deficiency
61
Stroke
A cerebrovascular incident involving inadequate blood to the brain
62
Right-sided heart failure
•Systemic oedema. •Ascites. •Portal hypertension (oesophageal varices, haemorrhoids). Peripheral oedema
63
Left-sided heart failure
* Pulmonary oedema. * Congestion bronchitis. * Cardiac asthma (often most severe at night)
64
Stress on enteric nervous system
Increases SNS leads to reduced peristalsis and secretions
65
Microbes in Large Intestine
Immunity Production of vitamins Fermentation and digestion
66
Phagocytic cells in liver
Kuppfer Cells
67
Appearance of oral thrush
White plagues on oral mucosa Cottage cheese look Raw and red underneath
68
Red flag of oesphogeal cancer
Dysphagia
69
Risk factors/causes of Oesophageal Cancer
``` GORD - reflux Smoking Alcohol Barret's Oesophagus Low fruit and vegetables Increasing age ```
70
Complications of Appendicitis
Perforation | Peritonitis
71
The more biologically active form of Thyroid hormone
T3
72
Signs/Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
``` SYMPTOMS: Tiredness, Malaise Weight gain Cold intolerance Constipation Depression. Slow cognitive function Poor memory Low libido Deep voice Menstrual changes Muscle aches Arthralgia (joint pain) SIGNS: Goitre Dry, brittle skin & thin hair Loss of eyebrows. ‘Myxoedema’ (swelling) often around the eyes (deposition of polysaccharides which attract water). ```
73
Osteoarthritis
Gradual wear and tear of the articular cartilage Cartilage wears away causing underlying bone exposure Remodeling of underlying bone Bone overgrows and osteophytes form
74
Smooth muscle
Filament attached to 'dense bodies'
75
Myoglobin
Stores oxygen
76
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores calcium
77
Structure of larynx
9 cartilage pieces, with vocal cords
78
Functions of the larynx
Sound production Warm air Air passage Prevents food entering trachea
79
Fibrinogen
Blood clotting
80
Nutrients requred in erythrocyte formation
Folate B12 Iron
81
Signs/Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia
``` Jaundice Fatigue Tachycardia Shortness of breath Palpitations Irritability Fainting Abdo/Shoulder pain (gall stones) Pain in digits ```
82
Observable signs of Iron deficiency anaemia
Spooning of nails Angular Stomitis Brittle hair
83
Observable signs of Thrombocytopenia
Bruising Petechia Vomitting blood Bleeding gums
84
Polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
85
Dietary Lipids
Triglycerides Cholesterol Phospholipids
86
Causues of Gastro-oesophageal reflux
``` Obesity Hiatus hernia pregnancy Trigger foods Stress ```
87
Complications of GORD
Oesophageal cancer Barret's oesophagus Ulcers
88
Coeliac Pathophysiology
Coeliac disease strips the microvilli & villi, causing atrophy. Loss of brush border (loss of brush border enzymes (i.e. lactase) because of villi atrophy Without Lactase we can’t break down Lactose
89
Coeliac symptoms
``` Fatigue Weightloss Diarrhoea Constipation Foul smelling stools Bloating Flatulence Loss of appetite Irritability Anxiety Depression ```
90
Medical investigations for Coeliac
Blood test Endoscopy Stool analysis Biopsy
91
Functions of cortisol
``` Increase blood sugar Suppress immune system Proteolysis Lipolysis Weak absorption of sodium and water ```
92
Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes
``` Obesity Genetics Poor diet No or little execise Pregnancy Low birth weight ```
93
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
``` Heart disease Hypertension Retinopathy Kidney disease Neuropathy ```
94
Similarities between veins and lymphatic vessel
Valves 3 layers Bring fluid towards the heart

Biomedicine I (18 decks)

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