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Biomedicine I > 2. Skeletal System > Flashcards

2. Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

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2
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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3
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline

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4
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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5
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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6
Q

Unilateral

A

One side

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the trunk

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10
Q

Distal

A

Further from the trunk

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11
Q

Anterior ( ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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12
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer the back

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13
Q

Superior

A

Towards the top

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14
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the bottom

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15
Q

Coronal / frontal plane

A

Separating the front and back

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16
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separating the left and right

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17
Q

Horizontal / transverse plane

A

Separating the top and bottom

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18
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206

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19
Q

What percentage of body weight is the skeleton?

A

18%

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20
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

• Support framework for the body. • Forms boundaries(skull). • Attachment for muscles and tendons. • Permits movement(joints). • Haematopoiesis-formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow. • Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium & phosphate). •Triglyceride storage(yellow bone marrow).

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21
Q

Bones Cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells: 2. Osteoblasts: 3. Osteocytes: 4. Osteoclasts:
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22
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Bone stem cells. They are the only bone cell to undergo division (producing osteoblasts).

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23
Q

Osteoblasts

A

•These are bone building cells. •They synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix. •They are trapped and become osteocytes.

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24
Q

Osteocytes

A

•Osteocytes are mature bone cells.They maintain the daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exchange.

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25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

•Osteoclasts are huge cellsderived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (WBCs). •On the side facing the bone surface, the cell membrane is folded into a ‘ruffled border’,where the cell releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acidsthat digest bone matrix. •‘Resorption’ is the breakdown of bone matrix. •Osteoblast and osteoclasts work together to ‘remodel’ bone throughout life. Excess osteoclast activity leads to a loss of bone density.

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26
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact Spongy

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27
Q

Compact Bone

A

80% of the skeleton Contains few spaces and is strong Found beneath the periosteum and makes up most of the diaphysis (shaft) of the long bones Structural unit of compact bone is an ‘osteon’ (aligned along stress lines)

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28
Q

Four parts of an Osteon

A
  1. Haversian Canal 2. Lamallae 3. Canaliculi 4. Lacunae
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29
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Contains blood vessels ad nerves

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30
Q

Lamallae

A

Concentric rings of extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

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31
Q

Canaliculi

A

A mini system of interconnected canals that provide a route for nutrients/waste

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32
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces containing osteocytes

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33
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Spongy bone does not contain osteons. Instead it consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae that are aligned along stress lines. Microscopic spaces between trabeculae make bones lighter and contain bone marrow. Spongy bone makes up the interior of short, flat and irregularly shaped bones and the end of long bones. Spongy bone is always covered with compact bone.

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34
Q

Bone Matrix

A

An extracelluar matrix which surrounds separated cells made up of collagen and minerals (calcium phosphate as well as magnesium, sulphate and potassium).

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35
Q

Long Bones

A

Bones that have greater length than width. Contain diaphysis and 2 epiphyses Femur, tibia, humerus etc

36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bones Contains mostly compact bone Covered by periosteum Contains a central ‘medullary cavity’ containing red and yellow bone marrow

37
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of long bones (proximal and distal) Contains spongy bones with red bone marrow surrounded by compact bone and hyaline cartilage

38
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate A layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow

39
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the bone when it is not covered by cartilage Pain sensitive, highly vascular membrane Protects bone Serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons Contains two layers: outer fibrous layer (protects) and inner osteogenic layer (assist in growth and repair)

40
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity of long bones containing red/yellow bone marrow

41
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube shaped Carpals, Tarsals

42
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex shapes Vertebrae

43
Q

Flat Bones

A

2 plates of compact bone Skull, scapula

44
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Patella

45
Q

Bone formation

A
  1. Intermembranous ossification 2. Endochondral ossification
46
Q

Intermembranous Ossificiation

A

Bone develops from connective tissue

47
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

48
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

The remnant of what was once the growth plate

49
Q

Bone Hormones - Osteoblast

A

Growth Hormone & Thyroid Hormone Oestrogen & Testosterone Calcitonin (moves calcium from blood to bones)

50
Q

Bone Hormones - Osteoclast

A

Parathyroid Hormone Cortisol (& steroid medications)

51
Q

Bone Homeostasis

A

Hypocalcaemia - blood calcium is low Hypercalcaemia - blood calcium is high

52
Q

Parathyroid and bones

A

Parathyroid Hormone increases blood calcium. 1. Increases the activity of osteoclasts (“resorption”). 2. Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb & retain calcium in the blood. 3. Increases formation of calcitriol (active form of Vit D) which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines.

53
Q

Thyroid and bones

A

Calcitonin is a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. • Secreted by para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland. • It inhibits osteoclasts andpromotes osteoblast deposition of calcium in the bones. • The overall result is increased bone formation & decreased blood calcium.

54
Q

Vitamin D

A

Facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines Works closely with Vit K2 D3 assists absorption whilst K2 activates a protein called ostocalcin which controls the utilisation of calcium in bones

55
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Central skeleton containing 80 bones Skull, inner ear, hyoid, thoracic cage and vertebral column

56
Q

Skull

A

Forms the cranium (“upper head”) and face and encapsulates the Brain.The skull bones are joined with fibrous joints (‘sutures’). Sinuses are air filled cavities in the skull that: • Give resonance to the voice. •Lighten bones of face and cranium. Fontanelles: •Fibrous sutures (soft spots) on a baby’s head joining the skull Bones together.Ossify 12-18 months. •Allow the baby’s head through the birth canal.

57
Q

Vertebral Column

A

24 moveable vertebrae Cervical (7) C1 - C7 Thoracic (12) T1 - T12 Lumbar (5) L1 - L5 Sacrum & Coccyx (fused bones)

58
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

23 shock absorbing discs which get progressively thicker Most hydrated in the morning and in those aged 30-40 Make up 1/3 of the length of the spine Annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus (gel like pad)

59
Q

Thoracic Cage and Ribs

A

Sternum 12 ribs (11 and 12 are floating)

60
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones

Bones supporting the extremities

Shoulder girdle, arm and hand

Pelvic girdle, leg and foot

61
Q

Arms and Shoulder

A

A - Clavicle

B - Scapula

C- Humerus

D - Ulna

E - Radius

F - Carpals

G - Metacarpals

H - Phalanges

62
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

A - Hip bone

B - Sacrun

C - Coccyx

D- Sarcro-iliac joint

63
Q

Leg

A

A - Femur

B - Patella

C- Tibia

D - Fibula

64
Q

Foot

A

A - Tarsals

B - Metatarsals

C - Phalanges (Toes)

65
Q

Joints

A

187 joints in the human body

  1. Fibrous Joints
  2. Cartilaginous Joints
  3. Synovial Joints
66
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones are held tightly together, permitting limited movement

eg. sutures in the skull

67
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Articulating bones tightly connected by cartilage and permit little to no movement

eg Epiphyseal growth plate, intervertebral disks

68
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Permit the most movement

Bones are covered in hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

Synovial fluid contains hylauronic acid and interstitial fluid

No blood supply, they obtain nutrients by diffusion

eg. ‘ball and socket’ hip/shoulder, and hinge elbow, knee

69
Q

Bursa(e)

A

Bursa are sac-like structures that are strategically located to reduce friction

Contains connective tissue fluid

Located between skin & bone, tendon & bone, muscle & bone or ligament & bone

70
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease in joint angle

71
Q

Extension

A

Increase in joint angle

72
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around its longitudinal axis. In the limbs it can be medial or lateral

73
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Movement of the trunk away from the midline

eg side bend

74
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from midline

75
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards midline

76
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular

77
Q

Elevation

A

Superior movement (up)

78
Q

Depression

A

Inferior movement (down)

79
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement (forward)

80
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement (backwards)

81
Q

Inversion

A

Medial movemet of sole (turn in, big toe up)

82
Q

Eversion

A

Lateral movement of sole (turn out, big toe down)

83
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending foot up

84
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Bending foot down

85
Q

Supination

A

Movement of forearm to turn palm up

86
Q

Pronation

A

Movement of the forearm to turn the palm posteriorly

87
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb across palm to tough fingertips

Biomedicine I (18 decks)

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