Test Q3 Flashcards
1
Q
classifications of social behavior
A
solitary, subsocial, communal, quasisocial, semisocial, eusocial
2
Q
solitary
A
lives alone
3
Q
subsocial
A
solitary but will care for their young
4
Q
communal
A
members of the same generation will live together but there is no cooperation
5
Q
quasisocial
A
communal but with cooperative care of the young
6
Q
semisocial
A
quasisocial with a reproductive division of labor
7
Q
eusocial
A
semi-social with overlapping generations
8
Q
social behavior benefits
A
Decreased predation Improved foraging Improved defense of resources Improved parental care Thermoregulation
9
Q
social behavior costs
A
Increased disease and parasites
Increased competition for food, mates, and resources
Increased risk of interference with parental care
10
Q
what determines group structure
A
Sex Age Species Environment Relationships
11
Q
relationship categories
A
mateships, family, herds/packs
12
Q
mateships
A
A pair of animals
Monogamous for life or for season
Solitary pairs
May be polygamous seasonally or for life
13
Q
example of monogamous
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birds
14
Q
example of polygamous
A
lions
15
Q
family
A
Includes adults and young
Usually with mammals and birds
16
Q
herds/packs
A
elaborate
17
Q
why do animal societies develop
A
territoriality, dominance, leadership, parental care
18
Q
territoriality
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increase protection and defense, helps to maintain peace and avoid fighting
19
Q
dominance
A
hierarchy dependent on sex, size, physical fitness, and/or seniority
20
Q
leadership
A
one or two animals are the leaders and determine the direction and rate of movement, set moods, displays alarm calls, and will eat first
21
Q
parental care
A
need help caring for young, allows for resources to be obtained that would not be gotten alone
22
Q
nervous system and social systems
A
Amygdala in brain is needed for normal social interaction
Lesions of the amygdala has been seen to change the way that monkeys interact with each other
Amygdala is also needed for emotional processing
23
Q
habitat selection
A
Variations in habitat preference is important to understand to reduce inbreeding and competition
Closely related species often live in different habitats
If closely related species live in the same habitat, they usually differ in feeding habits enough to avoid competition
Breeding outside of prefered habitats is rarely successful (think zoos)
24
Q
factors contributing to habitat selection
A
Other species present Weather Climate Soil Food availability Parasites Diseases Competition Is habitat habitable Is habitat accessible Learning or early experience-habitat imprinting Tradition Heredity
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habitat dispersal
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Inbreeding avoidance
Female birds often leave the habitat
Male mammals often leave the habitat
Intraspecific competition
Mate competition
Food competition
```
26
environmental stress
stress, stressor, eustress, distress, strain
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stress
any environmental situation, may be chronic or acute
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stressor
any environmental factor that provokes an adaptive response
| Environmental stress provokes animal strain
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eustress
positive/good stress, no harm
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distress
negative/bad stressor, harm
| The difference is caused by perception
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strain
any functional, structural, or behavioral reaction to an environmental or perceived stimuli
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general adaptation syndrome
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All systemic stressors are resulted from alterations to the adrenal gland and its secretions of adrenalin, noradrenalin, and corticosterone
3 basic stages
Alarm response
Resistance
Exhaustion
```
33
variations in homeostasis
Stressors are from a change from homeostasis
Adaptation
Acclimation Acclimatization
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adaptation
any functional, structural, or behavioral trait that favors survival or the ability to be productive in an environment
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acclimation
compensatory alterations due to a stressor acting alone or over days or weeks
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acclimatization
reactions over many days or weeks to many environmental factors
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what controls feeding and behavior
Hunger is controlled by the Lateral Hypothalamus
| Satiety Center is controlled by the ventromedial hypothalamus
38
external factors controlling feeding behavior
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Access to food
Carnivores eat when they are hungry
Herbivores eat to prevent hunger
Ominovers do both
Social
When one cow eats, they all eat
```
39
consummatory behaviors
behavior an animal does in order to eat:
Chicks will practice pecking while they are being fed by their mothers until they are able to use their beaks to get food
Monkeys will wash their food
Chimps will use tools such as a stick to get ants
40
cooperative feedings
Animals working together to eat
Crocodiles will ambush prey
Birds and sharks will sometimes work together to locate fish
Humpback whales practice bubble net feeding
They dive under schools of herring while one whale swims in a circle while blowing bubbles under the fish. When the bubbles rise, they form a net and scare the herring into a tight aggregation. Then the whales come up through the middle with their mouths open and eat.
41
optimality theory
Predicts a cost-benefit ratio of actions
Two types: Generalists are animals that will eat whatever within reason
Specialists will eat only a few things
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marginal value theorem
The quality and quantity of the food availability in a location will determine how long the animal stays in the area
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aggressive mimicry
Lure of food to the predator
| Use of special tools, lures, traps, chemicals, etc…
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prey defenses
Living in a group allows prey species to detect predators well
Prey can “mob” a predator
Prey may escape and run or freeze
Some prey (frogs or insects) may be toxic
Some prey may mimic predators or other toxic animals
45
risk prone vs risk averse
Animals that are risk prone will wait to eat until they get their optimal food
Animals that are risk averse will eat when they have access to food even if it is not optimal food
46
eliminative behavior
Releases waste
Marks territories
Can advertise sexual receptivity
47
Drinking Behavior
Thirst is activated by 3 things
The renal system and the ADH hormone
Changes in plasma concentrations in the blood
Intracellular changes
48
sleep
Resting or a restorative process needed to bring the body back to a homeostatic state after activity
The amount of sleep and timing of sleep during a 24 hr period is relatively constant in a species even though the level of activity may change
49
sleep as an adaptive behavior
Serves 2 functions:
To reduce energy requirements during the hot part of the day when the animal should be less active
To reduce exposure to a predator as sleeping attracts less attention
50
stages of sleep
aroused/awake, drowsy/relaxed, quiet/slow wave sleep, active/paradoxical REM sleep
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aroused/awake
animal is conscious and muscle tone is normal
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drowsy/relaxed
animal has decreased muscle tone and will easily go into sleep or become aroused
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quiet/slow wave sleep
high amplitude with slow waves. A lack of movement is seen. Animal is fairly easily aroused. Muscles are relaxed. Animal can stay standing with muscles engaged to some extent.
54
active/paradoxical/REM sleep
low amplitude, high frequency voltage waves very similar to an aroused pattern. Not tone is seen in the posture muscles of neck or truck so the animal lies flat. A lot of movement is seen in the eyes and sometimes the extremities. This is when dreaming occurs. Very difficult to arouse animals
55
REM sleep
Not all animals go into REM sleep
Amphibians and fish have no REM sleep
Birds have about 5% of their sleep in REM
Monogastric mammals experience REM
Ruminant mammals have limited REM
Reptiles have partial REM
The amount of REM sleep is related to how developed the animal is at birth
Animals that are born fairly mature have less REM than others
56
dreams
Not all animals that have REM dream
Only mammals such as cats, dogs, chimps, horses, and cows dream
Dolphins do not have REM
57
sleeping position
Dependent on type of animal, type of sleep, and air temperature
Bats, manatees, and sloths sleep upside down
Foxes use their tail as a pillow to conserve heat
Adult herbivores sleep standing in non-REM sleep
Young animals sleep lying down
58
dog sleep patterns
Usually sleep with hind legs tucked up and head on their side
REM sleep can cause leg movements or vocalizations
REM sleep is 6% of time
DOgs waking from REM sleep may bite
Sleep cycles are 16 min asleep, 5 min awake
59
cat sleeping patterns
```
Farm cats spend 40% of time asleep, mostly at night
Active in dusk and dawn
22% of their day is resting
14% of day is hunting
15% of day is grooming
3% of day is traveling
2% of day is feeding
```
60
horse sleeping patterns
Awake 88% of the day and 71% of the night
REM sleep is seen when the animal is in sternal or lateral recumbency
There is a slow gradual loss of muscle tone in the middle of the quiet sleep phase
61
cow sleeping patterns
REM sleep occurs 11 times per 14 hours to cause about 45 minutes of REM sleep and 3.5 hours of quiet sleep a day
These periods are divided into short naps
Cows normally lie down during REM sleep
Cattle are drowsy or 7.5 hours a day
Cows loose muscle tone quickly during active sleep
62
sheep sleeping patterns
Some activity can continue during short bursts in active sleep
Active sleep is a short duration
63
pig sleeping patterns
rapidly lose postural tone
64
dolphin sleep patterns
Contain brains with two hemispheres
Are able to allow one hemisphere of the brain to sleep at a time to maintain watch
Maybe done to assist in breathing
65
hibernation
“Sleeping” through cold weather
The animal will appear dead, if woken it takes an extremely long time to wake up enough to be active
Badgers, bats, chipmunks, squirrels, groundhogs, raccoons, skunks, all truly hibernate
Bears go into a “torpor” where they are temporarily asleep and can wake up quickly
66
estivation
“Sleeping” during hot weather
| Bees, earthworms, frogs, toads, lizards, snails, snakes, all do this
67
grooming
Functions to take care of the body surface
Can be ritualistic; especially in birds and monkeys and cats
Can be affected by social factors
68
allogrooming
Common in primates
Removes ectoparasites, decreases tension in a population, maintains close social bonds
Social rank affects the amount of grooming females get; higher rank, more grooming
69
why do females leave and males stay
Mothers don’t want to compete with daughters for mate selection
Father may try to breed with the daughter
Eggs may get mixed up and the mother doesn’t want to care for the daughters eggs
70
major stress hormone
corticosterone
71
example of how optimality theory, marginal value theorem, and risk prone vs risk adverse connects
if you are driving to Montreal, you know it has really good food but your hungry now. On the side of the road there is a crappy diner that serves crappy food. Risk prone people will wait for Montreal and be really hungry and have great food; however, it is late so they are risking that all restaurants will be closed. Risk adverse people will know restaurants might be closed and eat at the crappy diner. Marginal value connects because you know there is crappy food available but not sure if good food is available later. In animals risks are: hunger level, weather, time of day, distance, diets, caring for young, etc...
