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AP Vet > Test Q3 > Flashcards

Test Q3 Flashcards

1
Q

classifications of social behavior

A

solitary, subsocial, communal, quasisocial, semisocial, eusocial

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2
Q

solitary

A

lives alone

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3
Q

subsocial

A

solitary but will care for their young

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4
Q

communal

A

members of the same generation will live together but there is no cooperation

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5
Q

quasisocial

A

communal but with cooperative care of the young

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6
Q

semisocial

A

quasisocial with a reproductive division of labor

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7
Q

eusocial

A

semi-social with overlapping generations

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8
Q

social behavior benefits

A 
Decreased predation
Improved foraging
Improved defense of resources
Improved parental care
Thermoregulation
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9
Q

social behavior costs

A

Increased disease and parasites
Increased competition for food, mates, and resources
Increased risk of interference with parental care

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10
Q

what determines group structure

A 
Sex
Age
Species
Environment
Relationships
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11
Q

relationship categories

A

mateships, family, herds/packs

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12
Q

mateships

A

A pair of animals
Monogamous for life or for season
Solitary pairs
May be polygamous seasonally or for life

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13
Q

example of monogamous

A

birds

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14
Q

example of polygamous

A

lions

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15
Q

family

A

Includes adults and young

Usually with mammals and birds

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16
Q

herds/packs

A

elaborate

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17
Q

why do animal societies develop

A

territoriality, dominance, leadership, parental care

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18
Q

territoriality

A

increase protection and defense, helps to maintain peace and avoid fighting

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19
Q

dominance

A

hierarchy dependent on sex, size, physical fitness, and/or seniority

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20
Q

leadership

A

one or two animals are the leaders and determine the direction and rate of movement, set moods, displays alarm calls, and will eat first

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21
Q

parental care

A

need help caring for young, allows for resources to be obtained that would not be gotten alone

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22
Q

nervous system and social systems

A

Amygdala in brain is needed for normal social interaction
Lesions of the amygdala has been seen to change the way that monkeys interact with each other
Amygdala is also needed for emotional processing

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23
Q

habitat selection

A

Variations in habitat preference is important to understand to reduce inbreeding and competition
Closely related species often live in different habitats
If closely related species live in the same habitat, they usually differ in feeding habits enough to avoid competition
Breeding outside of prefered habitats is rarely successful (think zoos)

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24
Q

factors contributing to habitat selection

A 
Other species present
Weather
Climate
Soil
Food availability
Parasites
Diseases
Competition
Is habitat habitable
Is habitat accessible
Learning or early experience-habitat imprinting
Tradition
Heredity
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25
Q

habitat dispersal

A 
Inbreeding avoidance
Female birds often leave the habitat
Male mammals often leave the habitat
Intraspecific competition
Mate competition
Food competition
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26
Q

environmental stress

A

stress, stressor, eustress, distress, strain

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27
Q

stress

A

any environmental situation, may be chronic or acute

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28
Q

stressor

A

any environmental factor that provokes an adaptive response

Environmental stress provokes animal strain

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29
Q

eustress

A

positive/good stress, no harm

30
Q

distress

A

negative/bad stressor, harm

The difference is caused by perception

31
Q

strain

A

any functional, structural, or behavioral reaction to an environmental or perceived stimuli

32
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A 
All systemic stressors are resulted from alterations to the adrenal gland and its secretions of adrenalin, noradrenalin, and corticosterone
3 basic stages
Alarm response
Resistance
Exhaustion
33
Q

variations in homeostasis

A

Stressors are from a change from homeostasis
Adaptation
Acclimation Acclimatization

34
Q

adaptation

A

any functional, structural, or behavioral trait that favors survival or the ability to be productive in an environment

35
Q

acclimation

A

compensatory alterations due to a stressor acting alone or over days or weeks

36
Q

acclimatization

A

reactions over many days or weeks to many environmental factors

37
Q

what controls feeding and behavior

A

Hunger is controlled by the Lateral Hypothalamus

Satiety Center is controlled by the ventromedial hypothalamus

38
Q

external factors controlling feeding behavior

A 
Access to food
Carnivores eat when they are hungry
Herbivores eat to prevent hunger
Ominovers do both
Social 
When one cow eats, they all eat
39
Q

consummatory behaviors

A

behavior an animal does in order to eat:
Chicks will practice pecking while they are being fed by their mothers until they are able to use their beaks to get food
Monkeys will wash their food
Chimps will use tools such as a stick to get ants

40
Q

cooperative feedings

A

Animals working together to eat
Crocodiles will ambush prey
Birds and sharks will sometimes work together to locate fish
Humpback whales practice bubble net feeding
They dive under schools of herring while one whale swims in a circle while blowing bubbles under the fish. When the bubbles rise, they form a net and scare the herring into a tight aggregation. Then the whales come up through the middle with their mouths open and eat.

41
Q

optimality theory

A

Predicts a cost-benefit ratio of actions
Two types: Generalists are animals that will eat whatever within reason
Specialists will eat only a few things

42
Q

marginal value theorem

A

The quality and quantity of the food availability in a location will determine how long the animal stays in the area

43
Q

aggressive mimicry

A

Lure of food to the predator

Use of special tools, lures, traps, chemicals, etc…

44
Q

prey defenses

A

Living in a group allows prey species to detect predators well
Prey can “mob” a predator
Prey may escape and run or freeze
Some prey (frogs or insects) may be toxic
Some prey may mimic predators or other toxic animals

45
Q

risk prone vs risk averse

A

Animals that are risk prone will wait to eat until they get their optimal food
Animals that are risk averse will eat when they have access to food even if it is not optimal food

46
Q

eliminative behavior

A

Releases waste
Marks territories
Can advertise sexual receptivity

47
Q

Drinking Behavior

A

Thirst is activated by 3 things
The renal system and the ADH hormone
Changes in plasma concentrations in the blood
Intracellular changes

48
Q

sleep

A

Resting or a restorative process needed to bring the body back to a homeostatic state after activity
The amount of sleep and timing of sleep during a 24 hr period is relatively constant in a species even though the level of activity may change

49
Q

sleep as an adaptive behavior

A

Serves 2 functions:
To reduce energy requirements during the hot part of the day when the animal should be less active
To reduce exposure to a predator as sleeping attracts less attention

50
Q

stages of sleep

A

aroused/awake, drowsy/relaxed, quiet/slow wave sleep, active/paradoxical REM sleep

51
Q

aroused/awake

A

animal is conscious and muscle tone is normal

52
Q

drowsy/relaxed

A

animal has decreased muscle tone and will easily go into sleep or become aroused

53
Q

quiet/slow wave sleep

A

high amplitude with slow waves. A lack of movement is seen. Animal is fairly easily aroused. Muscles are relaxed. Animal can stay standing with muscles engaged to some extent.

54
Q

active/paradoxical/REM sleep

A

low amplitude, high frequency voltage waves very similar to an aroused pattern. Not tone is seen in the posture muscles of neck or truck so the animal lies flat. A lot of movement is seen in the eyes and sometimes the extremities. This is when dreaming occurs. Very difficult to arouse animals

55
Q

REM sleep

A

Not all animals go into REM sleep
Amphibians and fish have no REM sleep
Birds have about 5% of their sleep in REM
Monogastric mammals experience REM
Ruminant mammals have limited REM
Reptiles have partial REM
The amount of REM sleep is related to how developed the animal is at birth
Animals that are born fairly mature have less REM than others

56
Q

dreams

A

Not all animals that have REM dream
Only mammals such as cats, dogs, chimps, horses, and cows dream
Dolphins do not have REM

57
Q

sleeping position

A

Dependent on type of animal, type of sleep, and air temperature
Bats, manatees, and sloths sleep upside down
Foxes use their tail as a pillow to conserve heat
Adult herbivores sleep standing in non-REM sleep
Young animals sleep lying down

58
Q

dog sleep patterns

A

Usually sleep with hind legs tucked up and head on their side
REM sleep can cause leg movements or vocalizations
REM sleep is 6% of time
DOgs waking from REM sleep may bite
Sleep cycles are 16 min asleep, 5 min awake

59
Q

cat sleeping patterns

A 
Farm cats spend 40% of time asleep, mostly at night
Active in dusk and dawn
22% of their day is resting
14% of day is hunting
15% of day is grooming
3% of day is traveling
2% of day is feeding
60
Q

horse sleeping patterns

A

Awake 88% of the day and 71% of the night
REM sleep is seen when the animal is in sternal or lateral recumbency
There is a slow gradual loss of muscle tone in the middle of the quiet sleep phase

61
Q

cow sleeping patterns

A

REM sleep occurs 11 times per 14 hours to cause about 45 minutes of REM sleep and 3.5 hours of quiet sleep a day
These periods are divided into short naps
Cows normally lie down during REM sleep
Cattle are drowsy or 7.5 hours a day
Cows loose muscle tone quickly during active sleep

62
Q

sheep sleeping patterns

A

Some activity can continue during short bursts in active sleep
Active sleep is a short duration

63
Q

pig sleeping patterns

A

rapidly lose postural tone

64
Q

dolphin sleep patterns

A

Contain brains with two hemispheres
Are able to allow one hemisphere of the brain to sleep at a time to maintain watch
Maybe done to assist in breathing

65
Q

hibernation

A

“Sleeping” through cold weather
The animal will appear dead, if woken it takes an extremely long time to wake up enough to be active
Badgers, bats, chipmunks, squirrels, groundhogs, raccoons, skunks, all truly hibernate
Bears go into a “torpor” where they are temporarily asleep and can wake up quickly

66
Q

estivation

A

“Sleeping” during hot weather

Bees, earthworms, frogs, toads, lizards, snails, snakes, all do this

67
Q

grooming

A

Functions to take care of the body surface
Can be ritualistic; especially in birds and monkeys and cats
Can be affected by social factors

68
Q

allogrooming

A

Common in primates
Removes ectoparasites, decreases tension in a population, maintains close social bonds
Social rank affects the amount of grooming females get; higher rank, more grooming

69
Q

why do females leave and males stay

A

Mothers don’t want to compete with daughters for mate selection
Father may try to breed with the daughter
Eggs may get mixed up and the mother doesn’t want to care for the daughters eggs

70
Q

major stress hormone

A

corticosterone

71
Q

example of how optimality theory, marginal value theorem, and risk prone vs risk adverse connects

A

if you are driving to Montreal, you know it has really good food but your hungry now. On the side of the road there is a crappy diner that serves crappy food. Risk prone people will wait for Montreal and be really hungry and have great food; however, it is late so they are risking that all restaurants will be closed. Risk adverse people will know restaurants might be closed and eat at the crappy diner. Marginal value connects because you know there is crappy food available but not sure if good food is available later. In animals risks are: hunger level, weather, time of day, distance, diets, caring for young, etc…

AP Vet (10 decks)

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