Nervous System/Cycles Quiz

Question 1

cycle

Answer 1

simple harmonic motion (EX: biological clocks) can be based off of living and nonliving things

Question 2

waves

Answer 2

motion/event that repeats itself at standard intervals in specific manner (ocean tides)

Question 3

5 cycle characteristics

Answer 3

Frequency (how often does the event occur in set time)
Period (length of time to complete an entire cycle)
Amplitude (the magnitude of change inactivity rate during a cycle)
Phase (recognizable part of a cycle)
Duration (how long the cycle occurs for)

Question 4

biological rhythms

Answer 4

behavior patterns that occur on a cyclic basis in coincidence with environmental occurrences (Provides proof that behavior and environmental features are directly related and Thought to be based on internal biological “clock”)

Question 5

biological clock

Answer 5

Physiological pacemaker is monitored based on nervous and endocrine system and Allows for environmental synchronicity (EX: Seasonally polyestrous animals come into heat depending on the length of sunlight)

Question 6

epicycles

Answer 6

cycles of a short duration that is less than 24 hours

Ex: tides; ~12 hours

Question 7

circadian

Answer 7

type of epicycle; 24 hour daily cycle of rest, energy, and activity. Used to describe animals that are more active at night/day/dawn and dusk, etc (EX: diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal)

Question 8

diurnal

Answer 8

active during the day

Question 9

crepuscular

Answer 9

active before and after dawn and dusk (chinchilla)

Question 10

nocturnal

Answer 10

active at night

Question 11

circatrigintan

Answer 11

type of epicycle; monthly cycles relating to hormonal changes in polyestrous animals, usually about 28 days in cow

Question 12

Circannual

Answer 12

yearly cycles relating to seasonal changes in weather and environment, usually 365 days (Example: Hibernation and Seasonal Affective Disorder)

Question 13

Hibernation

Answer 13

reduced metabolic activities due to lack of activity and sunlight

Question 14

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Answer 14

depression seen in humans due to lack of exposure to daylight in the winter months

Question 15

Polycyclic

Answer 15

many cycles recurring over and over and over (EX: 16 hour sleep cycle)

Question 16

Ephemeral

Answer 16

cycle that has a short duration but is longer than 24 hours (EX:
Estrous and sexual activity is 4-5 days in rat and about 28 days in human)

Question 17

Endogenous Timing

Answer 17

internal self sustaining pacemaker, purpose: role of endogenous pacemakers os to set the internal body rhythms by helping animals to anticipate cyclic events (EX: when night time is due, animal heart rate, body temp and productivity level changes)

Question 18

Exogenous Timing

Answer 18

the ability for an animal to sense cyclic events as a result of environmental stimuli (EX: Light/dark (length of day and night), Sounds, Odors, Tides, Temperature, Lunar Orbit)

Question 19

Entrainment

Answer 19

Endogenous rhythms do not exactly match the exogenous rhythm.
The endogenous rhythm must be synchronized with the exogenous rhythms.
This process is called entrainment.
(EX: jetlag, daylight savings time)

Question 20

Zeitgebers

Answer 20

Cues that provide information to animals about periodicity of environmental variables is a Zeitgeber. Used to “fix” entrainment
(Aka “synchronizer”) (cues are photoperiod, tides, temperatures, food availability)

Question 21

Photoperiodism

Answer 21

Engagement of plants and animals in daily cycle
(EX: opening of flowers, dieing off of flowers, feeding, etc.) and Engagement of plants and animals in seasonal activities
(EX: production of flowers, preparing to migrate, hibernation, etc)

Question 22

Aschoff’s Rule

Answer 22

the direction and rate of the drift away from the 24-hour norm in animals are a function of light intensity and whether the animal is normally Diurnal or Nocturnal.

Question 23

what does Aschoff’s Rule mean?

Answer 23

When an animal is kept in constant darkness, their activities or rhythms continue within a period of 24 hours but drifts slightly becoming shorter (diurnal) or longer (nocturnal) each day (EX: think about being blind)

Question 24

The Neural Basis for Rhythms/Cycles

Answer 24

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (has two parts sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the hypothalamus is key!

Question 25

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 25

The regulatory branch of the central nervous system that helps animals adapt to changes in their environment

Question 26

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 26

“fight or flight”

Question 27

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

“rest and digest”

Question 28

hypothalamus

Answer 28

key region in the brain that controls biological rhythms

regulate internal temperature and many other things

Question 29

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Answer 29

a region of the hypothalamus that controls internal cycles of endocrine secretion. Transmits information from retina to spinal cord

Question 30

Pineal gland (birds)

Answer 30

the pineal gland is the master clock. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects, the modulation of wake/sleep patterns (regulates daily body rhythms) and photoperiod (seasons)

Question 31

Reticular formation

Answer 31

group of neurons in the brainstem that is involved in actions such as a waking/sleeping cycle

Question 32

Habituation

Answer 32

(decrease in response to a stimuli over time) can be seen in higher complexity organisms

Question 33

Central (or CNS)

Answer 33

brain and spinal cord

Question 34

Peripheral (PNS)

Answer 34

nerves connecting to CNS to muscles and organs

Question 35

Basic Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 35

Sensation
Integration
Reaction

Question 36

Sensation

Answer 36

Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors

Question 37

Integration

Answer 37

The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response

Question 38

Reaction

Answer 38

Motor output

The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs))

Question 39

2 cell types

Answer 39

Neurons

Neuroglia

Question 40

Neurons

Answer 40

Functional, signal conducting cells

Question 41

Neuroglia

Answer 41

Supporting cells
outnumber neurons 10 to 1
4 in CNS
2 in PNS

Question 42

4 Neuroglia in CNS

Answer 42

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes

Question 43

Astrocytes

Answer 43

Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile
Guide the migration of developing neurons
Act as K+ and NT buffers
Involved in the formation of the blood brain barrier
Function in nutrient transfer

Question 44

Microglia

Answer 44

Specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS

Question 45

Ependymal Cells

Answer 45

Low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
Some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 46

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 46

Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS

Question 47

Myelin sheath

Answer 47

fat that covers the axon in the nerve. This is super important because it allows for the passage of electricity across the axon to be faster

Question 48

2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS

Answer 48

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

Question 49

Satellite Cells

Answer 49

Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Unknown function

Question 50

Schwann Cells

Answer 50

Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS
Vital to neuronal regeneration

Question 51

Neurons

Answer 51

The functional and structural unit of the nervous system

Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another

Question 52

functional characteristics of neurons

Answer 52

Cell body (soma)
One or more specialized, slender processes (axons/dendrites)
An input region (dendrites/soma)
A conducting component (axon)
A secretory (output) region (axon terminal)

Question 53

Central Nervous System:

Answer 53

Brain and Spinal Cord

Basic system of most mammals and higher order vertebrates

Question 54

Brain has 2 Hemispheres

Answer 54

Left and right sides are separate
Corpus Callosum: major pathway between hemispheres
Lateralization is never 100%

Question 55

Peripheral Nervous System Neurons

Answer 55

3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

Question 56

Sensory

Answer 56

sensory receptors to CNS

Question 57

Motor

Answer 57

CNS to muscles and organs

Question 58

Interneurons

Answer 58

connections within CNS

Question 59

Within the PNS

Answer 59

Skeletal (somatic) NS

Autonomic NS

Question 60

Somatic System

Answer 60

Nerves to/from spinal cord
Control muscle movements
Somatosensory inputs
Both voluntary and reflex movements

Question 61

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 61

Can be divided into:
Sympathetic Nervous System (“Fight or Flight”)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (“Rest and Digest”)
Control involuntary functions
can be influenced by thought and emotion

Question 62

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 62

“Fight or flight” response
Release adrenaline and noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Inhabits digestive function

Question 63

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 63

“Rest and Digest” system
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Lowers heart beat, breathing rate, blood pressure

Question 64

Sensory Receptors

Answer 64

Translate stimuli to action potential

Question 65

Types of receptors

Answer 65

Chemo-gustatory and olfactory
Mechano-stretch and proprioceptors
Electro-magnetic, electric
Thermo-temperature
Photo-light-photons

Question 66

Nerve nets (hydra)

Answer 66

a nerve net that is sensitive to things. Invertebrates just react (just like our reflex action). It is a simple mechanism.

Question 67

Vertebrate hormones

Answer 67

Endocrine perform an additional control function through release of hormones
Release of hormones is controlled by:
Nervous signals
Other hormones from other glands

Question 68

Three ways in which hormones can affect behavior

Answer 68

Influence effectors such as special structures involved in behavior
Influence peripheral sensory receptors and so modify input to the brain
They can affect the brain directly

Question 69

Taxes

Answer 69

Movement towards or away from at a fixed angle to the source

Moving away at a fixed angle

Question 70

Klinotaxis

Answer 70

Orientation of body does not require a receptor itself, capable of discriminating the direction of the source as long as the receptor is not equally stimulated from all directions
If something is coming from the left side of an animal it can move from left or right as it needs to

Question 71

Tropotaxis

Answer 71

Bilaterally symmetrical receptors arranged in such a way that they are stimulated unequally when the animal is not oriented toward or away from the source
If both ears are functioning, can tell where sound is coming from

Question 72

Telotaxis

Answer 72

No equalization of stimulation occurs as in klino or tropotaxis, one stimuli must be inhibited
If any receptors hit then you will do something about it

Question 73

Menotaxis

Answer 73

Light compass response, orientation at a constant angle to the direction of the source of stimulation
Response to light orientation
Ants can see angle of light coming in and can orient body to that

Question 74

Mnemotaxis

Answer 74

Learned configuration of stimulation. Mnemotaxis, literally “memory movement”, describes navigation through the use of landmarks. Many birds navigate using landmarks, as do salmon. Humans also use mnemotaxis when navigating through the use of street signs and familiar buildings
Using landmarks
Birds and humans-street signs