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AP Vet > Nervous System/Cycles Quiz > Flashcards

Nervous System/Cycles Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

cycle

A

simple harmonic motion (EX: biological clocks) can be based off of living and nonliving things

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2
Q

waves

A

motion/event that repeats itself at standard intervals in specific manner (ocean tides)

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3
Q

5 cycle characteristics

A

Frequency (how often does the event occur in set time)
Period (length of time to complete an entire cycle)
Amplitude (the magnitude of change inactivity rate during a cycle)
Phase (recognizable part of a cycle)
Duration (how long the cycle occurs for)

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4
Q

biological rhythms

A

behavior patterns that occur on a cyclic basis in coincidence with environmental occurrences (Provides proof that behavior and environmental features are directly related and Thought to be based on internal biological “clock”)

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5
Q

biological clock

A

Physiological pacemaker is monitored based on nervous and endocrine system and Allows for environmental synchronicity (EX: Seasonally polyestrous animals come into heat depending on the length of sunlight)

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6
Q

epicycles

A

cycles of a short duration that is less than 24 hours

Ex: tides; ~12 hours

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7
Q

circadian

A

type of epicycle; 24 hour daily cycle of rest, energy, and activity. Used to describe animals that are more active at night/day/dawn and dusk, etc (EX: diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal)

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8
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day

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9
Q

crepuscular

A

active before and after dawn and dusk (chinchilla)

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10
Q

nocturnal

A

active at night

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11
Q

circatrigintan

A

type of epicycle; monthly cycles relating to hormonal changes in polyestrous animals, usually about 28 days in cow

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12
Q

Circannual

A

yearly cycles relating to seasonal changes in weather and environment, usually 365 days (Example: Hibernation and Seasonal Affective Disorder)

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13
Q

Hibernation

A

reduced metabolic activities due to lack of activity and sunlight

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14
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

depression seen in humans due to lack of exposure to daylight in the winter months

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15
Q

Polycyclic

A

many cycles recurring over and over and over (EX: 16 hour sleep cycle)

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16
Q

Ephemeral

A

cycle that has a short duration but is longer than 24 hours (EX:
Estrous and sexual activity is 4-5 days in rat and about 28 days in human)

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17
Q

Endogenous Timing

A

internal self sustaining pacemaker, purpose: role of endogenous pacemakers os to set the internal body rhythms by helping animals to anticipate cyclic events (EX: when night time is due, animal heart rate, body temp and productivity level changes)

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18
Q

Exogenous Timing

A

the ability for an animal to sense cyclic events as a result of environmental stimuli (EX: Light/dark (length of day and night), Sounds, Odors, Tides, Temperature, Lunar Orbit)

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19
Q

Entrainment

A

Endogenous rhythms do not exactly match the exogenous rhythm.
The endogenous rhythm must be synchronized with the exogenous rhythms.
This process is called entrainment.
(EX: jetlag, daylight savings time)

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20
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Cues that provide information to animals about periodicity of environmental variables is a Zeitgeber. Used to “fix” entrainment
(Aka “synchronizer”) (cues are photoperiod, tides, temperatures, food availability)

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21
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Engagement of plants and animals in daily cycle
(EX: opening of flowers, dieing off of flowers, feeding, etc.) and Engagement of plants and animals in seasonal activities
(EX: production of flowers, preparing to migrate, hibernation, etc)

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22
Q

Aschoff’s Rule

A

the direction and rate of the drift away from the 24-hour norm in animals are a function of light intensity and whether the animal is normally Diurnal or Nocturnal.

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23
Q

what does Aschoff’s Rule mean?

A

When an animal is kept in constant darkness, their activities or rhythms continue within a period of 24 hours but drifts slightly becoming shorter (diurnal) or longer (nocturnal) each day (EX: think about being blind)

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24
Q

The Neural Basis for Rhythms/Cycles

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (has two parts sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the hypothalamus is key!

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25
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The regulatory branch of the central nervous system that helps animals adapt to changes in their environment
26
sympathetic nervous system
“fight or flight”
27
parasympathetic nervous system
“rest and digest”
28
hypothalamus
key region in the brain that controls biological rhythms | regulate internal temperature and many other things
29
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
a region of the hypothalamus that controls internal cycles of endocrine secretion. Transmits information from retina to spinal cord
30
Pineal gland (birds)
the pineal gland is the master clock. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects, the modulation of wake/sleep patterns (regulates daily body rhythms) and photoperiod (seasons)
31
Reticular formation
group of neurons in the brainstem that is involved in actions such as a waking/sleeping cycle
32
Habituation
(decrease in response to a stimuli over time) can be seen in higher complexity organisms
33
Central (or CNS)
brain and spinal cord
34
Peripheral (PNS)
nerves connecting to CNS to muscles and organs
35
Basic Functions of the Nervous System
Sensation Integration Reaction
36
Sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors
37
Integration
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response
38
Reaction
Motor output | The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs))
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2 cell types
Neurons | Neuroglia
40
Neurons
Functional, signal conducting cells
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Neuroglia
Supporting cells outnumber neurons 10 to 1 4 in CNS 2 in PNS
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4 Neuroglia in CNS
Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells Oligodendrocytes
43
Astrocytes
Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile Guide the migration of developing neurons Act as K+ and NT buffers Involved in the formation of the blood brain barrier Function in nutrient transfer
44
Microglia
Specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS
45
Ependymal Cells
Low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord Some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid
46
Oligodendrocytes
Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS
47
Myelin sheath
fat that covers the axon in the nerve. This is super important because it allows for the passage of electricity across the axon to be faster
48
2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS
Satellite Cells | Schwann Cells
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Satellite Cells
Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS | Unknown function
50
Schwann Cells
Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS Vital to neuronal regeneration
51
Neurons
The functional and structural unit of the nervous system | Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another
52
functional characteristics of neurons
Cell body (soma) One or more specialized, slender processes (axons/dendrites) An input region (dendrites/soma) A conducting component (axon) A secretory (output) region (axon terminal)
53
Central Nervous System:
Brain and Spinal Cord | Basic system of most mammals and higher order vertebrates
54
Brain has 2 Hemispheres
Left and right sides are separate Corpus Callosum: major pathway between hemispheres Lateralization is never 100%
55
Peripheral Nervous System Neurons
3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body Sensory Motor Interneurons
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Sensory
sensory receptors to CNS
57
Motor
CNS to muscles and organs
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Interneurons
connections within CNS
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Within the PNS
Skeletal (somatic) NS | Autonomic NS
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Somatic System
Nerves to/from spinal cord Control muscle movements Somatosensory inputs Both voluntary and reflex movements
61
Autonomic Nervous System
Can be divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (“Fight or Flight”) Parasympathetic Nervous System (“Rest and Digest”) Control involuntary functions can be influenced by thought and emotion
62
Sympathetic Nervous System
``` “Fight or flight” response Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Inhabits digestive function ```
63
Parasympathetic Nervous System
“Rest and Digest” system Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Lowers heart beat, breathing rate, blood pressure
64
Sensory Receptors
Translate stimuli to action potential
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Types of receptors
``` Chemo-gustatory and olfactory Mechano-stretch and proprioceptors Electro-magnetic, electric Thermo-temperature Photo-light-photons ```
66
Nerve nets (hydra)
a nerve net that is sensitive to things. Invertebrates just react (just like our reflex action). It is a simple mechanism.
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Vertebrate hormones
Endocrine perform an additional control function through release of hormones Release of hormones is controlled by: Nervous signals Other hormones from other glands
68
Three ways in which hormones can affect behavior
Influence effectors such as special structures involved in behavior Influence peripheral sensory receptors and so modify input to the brain They can affect the brain directly
69
Taxes
Movement towards or away from at a fixed angle to the source | Moving away at a fixed angle
70
Klinotaxis
Orientation of body does not require a receptor itself, capable of discriminating the direction of the source as long as the receptor is not equally stimulated from all directions If something is coming from the left side of an animal it can move from left or right as it needs to
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Tropotaxis
Bilaterally symmetrical receptors arranged in such a way that they are stimulated unequally when the animal is not oriented toward or away from the source If both ears are functioning, can tell where sound is coming from
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Telotaxis
No equalization of stimulation occurs as in klino or tropotaxis, one stimuli must be inhibited If any receptors hit then you will do something about it
73
Menotaxis
Light compass response, orientation at a constant angle to the direction of the source of stimulation Response to light orientation Ants can see angle of light coming in and can orient body to that
74
Mnemotaxis
Learned configuration of stimulation. Mnemotaxis, literally “memory movement”, describes navigation through the use of landmarks. Many birds navigate using landmarks, as do salmon. Humans also use mnemotaxis when navigating through the use of street signs and familiar buildings Using landmarks Birds and humans-street signs

AP Vet (10 decks)

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