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AP Vet > Nervous System/Cycles Quiz > Flashcards

Nervous System/Cycles Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

cycle

A

simple harmonic motion (EX: biological clocks) can be based off of living and nonliving things

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2
Q

waves

A

motion/event that repeats itself at standard intervals in specific manner (ocean tides)

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3
Q

5 cycle characteristics

A

Frequency (how often does the event occur in set time)
Period (length of time to complete an entire cycle)
Amplitude (the magnitude of change inactivity rate during a cycle)
Phase (recognizable part of a cycle)
Duration (how long the cycle occurs for)

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4
Q

biological rhythms

A

behavior patterns that occur on a cyclic basis in coincidence with environmental occurrences (Provides proof that behavior and environmental features are directly related and Thought to be based on internal biological “clock”)

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5
Q

biological clock

A

Physiological pacemaker is monitored based on nervous and endocrine system and Allows for environmental synchronicity (EX: Seasonally polyestrous animals come into heat depending on the length of sunlight)

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6
Q

epicycles

A

cycles of a short duration that is less than 24 hours

Ex: tides; ~12 hours

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7
Q

circadian

A

type of epicycle; 24 hour daily cycle of rest, energy, and activity. Used to describe animals that are more active at night/day/dawn and dusk, etc (EX: diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal)

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8
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day

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9
Q

crepuscular

A

active before and after dawn and dusk (chinchilla)

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10
Q

nocturnal

A

active at night

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11
Q

circatrigintan

A

type of epicycle; monthly cycles relating to hormonal changes in polyestrous animals, usually about 28 days in cow

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12
Q

Circannual

A

yearly cycles relating to seasonal changes in weather and environment, usually 365 days (Example: Hibernation and Seasonal Affective Disorder)

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13
Q

Hibernation

A

reduced metabolic activities due to lack of activity and sunlight

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14
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

depression seen in humans due to lack of exposure to daylight in the winter months

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15
Q

Polycyclic

A

many cycles recurring over and over and over (EX: 16 hour sleep cycle)

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16
Q

Ephemeral

A

cycle that has a short duration but is longer than 24 hours (EX:
Estrous and sexual activity is 4-5 days in rat and about 28 days in human)

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17
Q

Endogenous Timing

A

internal self sustaining pacemaker, purpose: role of endogenous pacemakers os to set the internal body rhythms by helping animals to anticipate cyclic events (EX: when night time is due, animal heart rate, body temp and productivity level changes)

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18
Q

Exogenous Timing

A

the ability for an animal to sense cyclic events as a result of environmental stimuli (EX: Light/dark (length of day and night), Sounds, Odors, Tides, Temperature, Lunar Orbit)

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19
Q

Entrainment

A

Endogenous rhythms do not exactly match the exogenous rhythm.
The endogenous rhythm must be synchronized with the exogenous rhythms.
This process is called entrainment.
(EX: jetlag, daylight savings time)

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20
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Cues that provide information to animals about periodicity of environmental variables is a Zeitgeber. Used to “fix” entrainment
(Aka “synchronizer”) (cues are photoperiod, tides, temperatures, food availability)

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21
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Engagement of plants and animals in daily cycle
(EX: opening of flowers, dieing off of flowers, feeding, etc.) and Engagement of plants and animals in seasonal activities
(EX: production of flowers, preparing to migrate, hibernation, etc)

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22
Q

Aschoff’s Rule

A

the direction and rate of the drift away from the 24-hour norm in animals are a function of light intensity and whether the animal is normally Diurnal or Nocturnal.

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23
Q

what does Aschoff’s Rule mean?

A

When an animal is kept in constant darkness, their activities or rhythms continue within a period of 24 hours but drifts slightly becoming shorter (diurnal) or longer (nocturnal) each day (EX: think about being blind)

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24
Q

The Neural Basis for Rhythms/Cycles

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (has two parts sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the hypothalamus is key!

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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The regulatory branch of the central nervous system that helps animals adapt to changes in their environment

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26
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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27
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”

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28
Q

hypothalamus

A

key region in the brain that controls biological rhythms

regulate internal temperature and many other things

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29
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

a region of the hypothalamus that controls internal cycles of endocrine secretion. Transmits information from retina to spinal cord

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30
Q

Pineal gland (birds)

A

the pineal gland is the master clock. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects, the modulation of wake/sleep patterns (regulates daily body rhythms) and photoperiod (seasons)

31
Q

Reticular formation

A

group of neurons in the brainstem that is involved in actions such as a waking/sleeping cycle

32
Q

Habituation

A

(decrease in response to a stimuli over time) can be seen in higher complexity organisms

33
Q

Central (or CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

34
Q

Peripheral (PNS)

A

nerves connecting to CNS to muscles and organs

35
Q

Basic Functions of the Nervous System

A

Sensation
Integration
Reaction

36
Q

Sensation

A

Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors

37
Q

Integration

A

The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response

38
Q

Reaction

A

Motor output

The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs))

39
Q

2 cell types

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

40
Q

Neurons

A

Functional, signal conducting cells

41
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells
outnumber neurons 10 to 1
4 in CNS
2 in PNS

42
Q

4 Neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes

43
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile
Guide the migration of developing neurons
Act as K+ and NT buffers
Involved in the formation of the blood brain barrier
Function in nutrient transfer

44
Q

Microglia

A

Specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS

45
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
Some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS

47
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fat that covers the axon in the nerve. This is super important because it allows for the passage of electricity across the axon to be faster

48
Q

2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS

A

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

49
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Unknown function

50
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS
Vital to neuronal regeneration

51
Q

Neurons

A

The functional and structural unit of the nervous system

Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another

52
Q

functional characteristics of neurons

A

Cell body (soma)
One or more specialized, slender processes (axons/dendrites)
An input region (dendrites/soma)
A conducting component (axon)
A secretory (output) region (axon terminal)

53
Q

Central Nervous System:

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

Basic system of most mammals and higher order vertebrates

54
Q

Brain has 2 Hemispheres

A

Left and right sides are separate
Corpus Callosum: major pathway between hemispheres
Lateralization is never 100%

55
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Neurons

A

3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

56
Q

Sensory

A

sensory receptors to CNS

57
Q

Motor

A

CNS to muscles and organs

58
Q

Interneurons

A

connections within CNS

59
Q

Within the PNS

A

Skeletal (somatic) NS

Autonomic NS

60
Q

Somatic System

A

Nerves to/from spinal cord
Control muscle movements
Somatosensory inputs
Both voluntary and reflex movements

61
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Can be divided into:
Sympathetic Nervous System (“Fight or Flight”)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (“Rest and Digest”)
Control involuntary functions
can be influenced by thought and emotion

62
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A 
“Fight or flight” response
Release adrenaline and noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Inhabits digestive function
63
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

“Rest and Digest” system
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Lowers heart beat, breathing rate, blood pressure

64
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Translate stimuli to action potential

65
Q

Types of receptors

A 
Chemo-gustatory and olfactory
Mechano-stretch and proprioceptors
Electro-magnetic, electric
Thermo-temperature
Photo-light-photons
66
Q

Nerve nets (hydra)

A

a nerve net that is sensitive to things. Invertebrates just react (just like our reflex action). It is a simple mechanism.

67
Q

Vertebrate hormones

A

Endocrine perform an additional control function through release of hormones
Release of hormones is controlled by:
Nervous signals
Other hormones from other glands

68
Q

Three ways in which hormones can affect behavior

A

Influence effectors such as special structures involved in behavior
Influence peripheral sensory receptors and so modify input to the brain
They can affect the brain directly

69
Q

Taxes

A

Movement towards or away from at a fixed angle to the source

Moving away at a fixed angle

70
Q

Klinotaxis

A

Orientation of body does not require a receptor itself, capable of discriminating the direction of the source as long as the receptor is not equally stimulated from all directions
If something is coming from the left side of an animal it can move from left or right as it needs to

71
Q

Tropotaxis

A

Bilaterally symmetrical receptors arranged in such a way that they are stimulated unequally when the animal is not oriented toward or away from the source
If both ears are functioning, can tell where sound is coming from

72
Q

Telotaxis

A

No equalization of stimulation occurs as in klino or tropotaxis, one stimuli must be inhibited
If any receptors hit then you will do something about it

73
Q

Menotaxis

A

Light compass response, orientation at a constant angle to the direction of the source of stimulation
Response to light orientation
Ants can see angle of light coming in and can orient body to that

74
Q

Mnemotaxis

A

Learned configuration of stimulation. Mnemotaxis, literally “memory movement”, describes navigation through the use of landmarks. Many birds navigate using landmarks, as do salmon. Humans also use mnemotaxis when navigating through the use of street signs and familiar buildings
Using landmarks
Birds and humans-street signs

AP Vet (10 decks)

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