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AP Vet > Development of Behavior Test > Flashcards

Development of Behavior Test Flashcards

1
Q

tame

A

animal accepts humans and will be less likely to flee from humans

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2
Q

domesticated

A

animals that have been selectively bred and cared for by humans
may or may not be tame

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3
Q

history of domestication

A

animals were vital to assist in farm work, clothing, protection, and food. Land management became easier and tasks were quicker to complete. Difficult to feed and care for the animals. Feeding the animals was hard.

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4
Q

7 Animal behaviors that favored domestication

A 
herd bound/social structure
sexual behavior
parent/young interactions
responses to humans
strict diets
adaptability to a lot of environmental conditions
limited agility
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5
Q

dog domestication

A
  • jawbone and teeth are smaller-found in Iraq

- selective breeding can happen accidentally, causing desirable characteristics to be passed down

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6
Q

results of domestication

A
  1. changed in the threshold at which many behavior patterns occur
  2. changes in the response to key stimuli; they may respond to new stimuli
  3. neonatal behavioral patterns have been prolonged in some cases
  4. certain types of learning have been enhanced but they are difficult to prove
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7
Q

nature .vs. nurture

A

is behavior based on the environment a person is around or their genetics

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8
Q

epigenesis

A

The combination of genetic and environmental factors
Recently there has been an obesity gene that was found that can be turned on. It can be switched on by certain diet and environment.
It is the study of which there is a behavior, appearance change but the gene stays the same.

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9
Q

ecological niche

A

Species live in a same area but are totally different. This niche is how the animal responds and is dependent on the various species.
The “circle of life” and how they all depend and work together

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10
Q

behavioral niche

A

how an organism makes a living

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11
Q

ontogenetic niche shifts

A

This niche is how the animal moves and changes the environment throughout their lifetime
Allows for ecological traits to be passed down
EX: tadpole, weird in between, frog

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12
Q

ontogeny

A

How an animal develops

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13
Q

when does behavior development begin

A

neural development

sensory and motor stimulation

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14
Q

what is neural development

A

production and distribution of neurons in utero
establish appropriate synapses in utero
connection between early development and adult behavior is not very linear

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15
Q

what is sensory and motor stimulation

A

embryonic reflex response

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16
Q

maternal experiences and offspring behavior

A

Studies have been done where parents and children are similar due to things that happen in utero.
EX: if mother is stressed during pregnancy than it results in an increase in cortisol that results in anxiety in humans
EX2: The rats and pups when the mothers are handled

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17
Q

what are hormones

A

any organic chemical that is secreted by a gland into the circulatory system and is transported to some target organ.

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18
Q

what does the hormone need to interact with to affect behavior

A

to affect behavior, the hormone must eventually interact with the brain.

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19
Q

four classes or hormones

A 
proteins/polypeptides
steroids
monoamines
lipid-based
(normally 1 class of hormone is produced by glands, exception: placenta and adrenal medulla)
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20
Q

general characteristics of hormones

A

1) long latency of action
2) promote homeostasis
3) control metabolic processes
4) low concentration
5) high specificity
6) closely regulated–neg or pos feedback

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21
Q

pituitary gland secretions

A

luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, testosterone stimulating hormones, and growth hormone

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22
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

secreted by pituitary gland

spike in this hormone stimulates ovulation

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23
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

secreted by pituitary gland

allows for egg follicle to develop prior to ovulation

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24
Q

testosterone stimulating hormone

A

secreted by pituitary gland

allows for the development of testosterone in the body

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25
Q

growth hormone

A

secreted by pituitary gland

allows you to grow

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26
Q

hypothalamus secretions

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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27
Q

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

A

secreted by the hypothalamus

allows for the release and development of estrogen and testosterone

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28
Q

adrenal gland secretions

A

adrenalin and corticosterone

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29
Q

adrenaline

A

secreted by adrenal glands

allows you to do crazy things like lift up a car

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30
Q

corticosterone

A

secreted by adrenal glands

regulatory hormone that maintains energy and immune function

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31
Q

pineal gland secretions

A

melatonin

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32
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by the pineal gland

allows for sleep

33
Q

pancreas secretions

A

insulin and glucagon

34
Q

insulin

A

secreted by the pancreas

keeps blood sugar level from getting too high

35
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by the pancreas

keeps blood sugar level from getting too low

36
Q

thyroid gland secretions

A

thyroxin and triiodothyronine

37
Q

thyroxin

A

secreted by thyroid gland

helps with cardiovascular and digestive functions

38
Q

triiodothyronine (aka T3)

A

secreted by thyroid gland

affects all processes int he body including growth and metabolism

39
Q

parathyroid secretions

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

secreted by the parathyroid

regulates the amount of calcium in the blood

41
Q

testis and ovaries secretions

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

42
Q

estrogen

A

secreted by the ovaries

allows for ovulation and secondary sex characteristics of a female

43
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by the ovaries

the “pregnancy hormone”; tells the body to stop cycling and prepare for a baby

44
Q

testosterone

A

secreted by the testis

allows for the spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics of the male

45
Q

placenta

A

all hormones released are steroids

46
Q

thymus secretions

A

thymosin

47
Q

thymosin

A

secreted by the thymus

produces T-Cells which are vital in the immune system and pathogen resistance

48
Q

freemartin effect

A

if a cow is pregnant with twins and one is a boy and one is a female, the female will be sterile because she is exposed to too much testosterone in utero

49
Q

litter species birth order

A

in animals that have large litters there is a higher likelihood of hermaphrodites when there is a female between two male piglets in utero due to the high exposure rate of testosterone

50
Q

human birth order

A

if a female has a child and it is a boy and she is pregnant with another boy; there is a higher likelihood of the second boy being homosexual due to a higher exposure of estrogen in utero. Evolutionarily, it is better for a female to have a boy and a girl offspring

51
Q

affect of hormones on appearance

A

males: tend to be larger, more colorful
females: tend to be smaller, and more likely to camouflage

52
Q

affect of estrogen on behavior patterns

A

allows for stimulation of LH which causes ovulation which causes behavioral changes such as vulva winking (horses), howling (cats), restless behavior, and menstrual bleeding (dogs)

53
Q

affect of testosterone on behavior patterns

A

allows for spermatogenesis (production of sperm) and behavioral changes during puberty such as humping, sexual play, and attempts at mating (mounting)

54
Q

how do hormones do what they do

A

change overall level of organisms activity, alter structures involved in making a particular response, change the threshold of sense organs, directly stimulate particular neural centers, participate in indirect stimulation through other endocrine glands, and affect development of the nervous system

55
Q

the brain as an endocrine target

A

hormone action on the brain is probably due to its effects on some aspects of a neurotransmitter’s metabolism

56
Q

five main categories of hormones effects on the central nervous system

A

feedback, activation, organization, neuromodulation, general metabolic effects

57
Q

positive feedback loop

A

enhances changes to enable a system to move away from its equilibrium state and cause it to be more unstable

58
Q

negative feedback loop

A

buffers changes to allow a system to stay at an equilibrium and cause it to be more stable

59
Q

hypothalamic differentiation in males

A

testosterone from the fetal testis reaches the brain. testosterone is converted to estradiol by aromatase enzyme in the hypothalamus. Regression of the hypothalamic GnRH surge center by estradiol. Defeminization of the hypothalamus

60
Q

learning

A

the process that happens when there is an adaptive change in individual behavior as a result of experience. Involved in the perfection and shaping of most behavior patterns and is an experimental tool in the study of behavior

61
Q

classical conditioning

A

strengthening of an association between a conditioned stimulus and a response through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus in a relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally created the response
EX: pavlov dog experiment

62
Q

conditioning can be quantified by:

A

1) amplitude of conditioned reflex
2) latency of response
3) number of reinforcements needed before first measurable response appears
4) percent of correct responses

63
Q

extinction

A

loss of response, can occur if the conditioned stimulus is continuously presented without a reward or unconditioned stimulus

64
Q

generalization

A

other stimuli may provoke the same response

65
Q

inhibition

A

extinction to one stimulus may be true for all

66
Q

discrimination

A

distinction between similar stimuli in order to produce a response

67
Q

operant conditioning

A

developed by Skinner by placing animals in boxes that operated with levers. An animal is going to do something because they want to perform a behavior to get an award and do well

68
Q

what is the most effective method of reinforcement that leads to long term learning

A

the variable ratio

69
Q

habituation

A

simplest type of learning
animal learns to not respond to repeated stimuli that have no significance in the life of the animal
involves innate responses
can occur due to a lack of reinforcement following the response
EX: saddle on horses

70
Q

latent learning

A

learning without a reward
the knowledge is not displayed at the time of learning but will be displayed later
related to curiosity and exploration

71
Q

insight learning

A

occurs when animals solve problems
no trial and error
solution to problem appears instantly

72
Q

imprinting

A

limited to short critical sensitive period
mostly irreversible
involves the broad characteristics of the species and not the particular characteristics of the parent so that the animal will direct its sexual behavior towards an animal similar to the parent

73
Q

chaining

A

performance pf a series of operant responses in a sequence

used for circus and show animals who must perform in a certain order

74
Q

conceptual learning

A

requires the most intelligence

simplest form is the ability to respond to a characteristic shared by a bunch of different specific stimuli

75
Q

roadblocks to learning

A

stress, anxiety, and fear

76
Q

motivation

A

animal will respond to a stimulus if it is enough and the strength of the drive or need for the stimulus is high enough
more than one need may compete and when they are of equal strength can satisfy neither and result in displacement activities

77
Q

motivational things

A

food, water, shelter, injury avoidance, life preservation, and maintain homeostasis

78
Q

training an animal

A

involves learning, motivation, and socialization
4 P’s of Training:
practice, persistence, patience, praise

AP Vet (10 decks)

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