Hormones/Learning Quiz Flashcards
what is learning
That process which manifests itself by adaptive change in individual behavior as the result of experience
Involved in the perfection and shaping of most behavior patterns and is an experimental tool in the study of behavior
classical conditioning
The formulation or strengthening of an association between a conditioned stimulus and a response,through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) in a certain relationship with an unconditioned stimulus (UC) that originally elicits the response
what was Pavlov’s Dog Experiment
EX of classical conditioning
Dog in harness is presented with meat powder ($1: an unconditioned stimulus) and simultaneously presented with another stimulus ($2: the conditioned stimulus)
Presentation of $2 over time resulted in salivation without $1
extinction
(loss of response)-can occur is $2 is continuously presented without reward ($1)
generalization
other similar stimuli may provoke the response
inhibition
extinction to one stimulus may be true for all
discrimination
between similar stimuli may be brought about by selectively reinforcing only one stimulus among trials with other similar stimuli
operant conditioning
aka instrumental conditioning
The strengthening of an active (operant) response by presenting a reinforcing stimulus if, and only if, the response occurs (response-reward)
The closeness in time between the performance of the response and the reward (known as contiguity) is very important, for lapse of several seconds may impede learning in most cases
Learning depends upon the strengthening of the response, R1 by reinforcing the stimulus S2
Reinforcement can fixed or variable
habituation
Simple learning NOT TO RESPOND to repeated stimuli which tend to be without significance in the life of the animal. This involves innate responses.
Thought to occur due to a lack of reinforcement following the response. (saddle on horses, collar on dogs)
Latent Learning
Learning without patent reward. The acquisition of the knowledge is not displayed at the time of learning, but lies latent. Closely related to curiosity and exploration
insight learning
Learning without patent reward. The acquisition of the knowledge is not displayed at the time of learning, but lies latent. Closely related to curiosity and exploration
imprinting
Young exposed first to a moving object other than the normal parent would follow that object and form an almost irreversible attachment to it (Lorenz, 1966)
Limited to short critical or sensitive period
Mostly irreversible
Involves learning the broad characteristics of the species rather than the particular characteristics of the parent, so that later the animal would direct its, sexual behavior towards an animal similar to the parent
chaining
Chaining is the performance of a series of operant responses in a sequence. Many dog owners inadvertently chain obedience commands, so the dog does a series of behaviors, such as sit, shake, lie down and roll over , all to the command “sit” because the owner always asked the dog to do the behaviors in the same order. Used for circus and show animals who must perform in a certain order.
conceptual learning
The highest type of learning (demands most intelligence of the animal)
The simplest form is the ability to respond to a common quality or characteristic shared by a number of different specific stimuli
EX: which of the following is not like the others?
motivation in animals
Biological necessity and response
Behavior attempts to satisfy needs or drive. Animals respond to a stimulus if it is adequate and the strength of the drive or need in question is high enough. For example eating food depends upon
innate responses
Why do certain stimuli, not previously encountered cause appropriate behaviors? Innate motivation??!!?
Many innate behaviors persist for certain typical times, such as suckling behavior, following mother, etc.
4 P’s of proper training
Practice
Persistence
Patience
Praise
seven steps for training a behavior
1)Establish a relationship built on trust and cooperation
2)Decide on the behavior the animal will learn be sure the behavior is possible and not harmful
3)Plan an approximate schedule but allow for flexibility
4)Begin to train the animal and prompt the animal with cues. Use the ABC’s
A=Antecedent: Signal or cue that starts the behavior. Be sure to keep signals consistent
B=Behavior: Animal performs wanted behavior and this establishes criteria
C=Consequence: When animal performs behavior, provide reinforcement (treats/lovings)
5)Keep sessions short and fun. Be positive!
6)End on a high note every single time.
7)Communicate progress…keep notes
positive reinforcement
Good trainers are good at reinforcing
They are…
QUICK: they have great timing
GENEROUS: give lots of positive feedback
UNPREDICTABLE: they vary when, how much and how they reinforce
VARIABLE: they use many different reinforcers
reinforcement rules
Plan ahead to set up for success
Concentrate on and reinforce the things that the animal is doing right
Ignore “misbehaviors”
For long term results:
Train through all approximations
Do not be tempted by quick results
Lay the foundation and let proper learning happen
Do not micro-manage
Road vlocks occur when…
Approximations are too LARGE
Break things down into smaller steps
And you will begin to see progress
When an animal understands how to perform a behavior change its location
Changing the environment leads to difficulty in memory retrieval and will lead to lasting results
behavior chains
AKA: “Scalloping effect”
Training animal to perform tasks in a sequential order
Behaviors build upon each other
EX: to get a dog to give their paw to you, you could first teach the dog to sit. Then teach the dog to lift its paw
back chaining
Effective
Teach first what you want the animal to do last; then work backward
EX: you want an animal to sit, lie down, and play dead, in that order. So you train play dead first, then lie down, then sit.
four classes of hormones
1) protein and polypeptides
2) steroids
3) monoamines
4) lipid-based
protein and polypeptides hormone examples
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Stomach/Intestines Adrenal Medulla
