Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Vet > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

define behavior

A

the way a species acts based on their needs and the environment around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the four components needed to be able to study behavior according to Niko Tinbergen

A

evolution, function, causation, development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who are the 3 “greats” of animal behaviorology and what did each of them study

A

lorenz-imprinting/species specific/birds
von frisch-dancing bees
tinbergen-all of it=how traits were adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define ethology

A

the study of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define ethogram

A

a formal description and inventory of animal behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define operant conditioning

A

behaviors that are carried out based on good/bad consequences that will come out of it. Developed by Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain skinner’s experiment

A

skinner used the “skinner box” to have animals operate a set of levers so that they could escape the box and get food. This led to the idea of operant conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain pavlovs experiment

A

pavlov placed dogs in harnesses and presented them with meat powder (unconditioned stimulus). At the same time dogs were presented with another stimulus the bell (conditioned stimulus). Presentation of the bell over time resulted in salivation without the meat powder; therefore, the salivation became the conditioned response to the bell which was learned. This led to classical conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare and contrast behaviorists and ethologists with animal behavior

A

ethologists study zoology, study species specific behavior, and started in England.
behaviorists studied psychology, study behaviors of one species and try to relate to it all, and started in north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define stereotypies

A

when an animal is faced with a problem and no solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define adaptation

A

the change in allele frequencies over time in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did alfred wallace do

A

PROPOSED the idea of evolution and natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did darwin do

A

SUGGESTED how evolution and natural selection worked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the criteria that behaviors must possess to be adaptive

A

heritable, different among animals/species, and help the animal/species and serve an importance to the animal/species, variation must exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define kin selection

A

proposed by william hamilton. An animal can increase their fitness by helping close relatives because close relatives share the helper’s genes (explains altruism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define altruism

A

a type of adaptation that benefits the whole, not the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define inclusive fitness

A

the combination of the fitness of an individual and the benefits an animal gets from helping others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain natural selection

A

natural selection is the differential reproduction and survivorship of individuals in a group. So, the grey moths, for example, can survive better because they blend into the walls so there are more of them and they are able to reproduce more because they are getting eaten much less than the white moths that do not blend in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define learning

A

the process which happens when there is an adaptive change in individual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define habituation

A

the simplest form of learning

it is the reduction and then the lack of response to a stimulus over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain lateralization of the brain

A

the tendency for some neural functions/processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere but it is never 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the three types of neurons that can connect to the CNS

A

interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two categories that the PNS is divided into

A

autonomic NS and somatic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two categories that the autonomic system is divided into

A

parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS (autonomic controls involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the function of the somatic system
nerves to/from spinal cord that control muscle movements and soma to sensory inputs both voluntary and reflex movements skeletal reflexes
26
how are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system similar different
sympathetic NS= fight or flight, release adrenaline/noradrenaline, increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscles, inhibits digestive function parasympathetic NS=rest and digest, calms body to conserve/maintain energy, lowers heart rate/blood pressure/breathing rate
27
what do sensory receptors do
translate stimuli to action potential "window to the world"-allows us to experience the environment perception=reception/interpretation
28
define cycle
simple harmonic events that occur within a time period
29
list the 5 characteristics of cycles
frequency, duration, amplitude, period, phase
30
define aschoff's rule
that the body will fall away from the normal 24hr cycle if factors change-EX: a blind animal/person
31
define zeitberger
exogenous timing that helps re-align with the bodies endogenous timing EX: sun, climate, astronomy signs (moon and stars)
32
define entrainment
the process which the endogenous rhythms do not exactly match the exogenous rhythm and the endogenous rhythm must be synchronizes with the exogenous rhythms
33
why do animals migrate
better food, climate, mating
34
define seasonal migration
change of location based on season/light availability/temperature
35
define nomadic migration
continuous migration based on following prey
36
define removal migration
change of location with no return
37
what are the four flyways for birds in America
pacific, central, mississippi, atlantic
38
describe the two phases animals go through to prepare to migrate
preparatory=within the preparatory phase there is the zugunruhe and fat deposition phases stimulus=the external cues (EX: temp)
39
define zugunruhe
a phase within the stimulus phase that helps trigger migration. they body listens to exogenous factors that tell it it is time to migrate. They also become anxious an restless to leave.
40
define orientation
the way an animal positions itself in relation to external cues
41
define piloting
use of reference points to get from point A to point B (EX: landmarks)
42
explain the "waggle dance"
the way that bees communicate where food is outside of the hive
43
describe classical conditioning
formulation or strengthening on an association between stimulus in a relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally created the response. pavlov used bells and dogs to describe it and its effects
44
define clicker training
type of training method that uses the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (click) with a potent stimulus
45
define exctinction
a loss of response
46
define generalization
other similar stimuli may provoke the same response
47
define discrimination
discrimination between similar stimuli may be brought about by selectively reinforcing only 1 stimulus among trials with other similar stimuli. "only responds to one"
48
what is the most effective schedule of reinforcement when training an animal
repetition, positive reinforcement, reward, variable
49
define innate
innate behavior is behavior that is born with the animal
50
what are the 4 P's of training
praise, persistance, practice, perseverance
51
list 3 reasons why clicker training is beneficial
positive reinforcement, reward, repetition
52
who was karen pryor
developed the idea of clicker training
53
how does someone perform clicker training
1) charge up the clicker-click, treat, click, treat-this allows the animal to understand a click comes with a reward 2) determine what behavior you want the animal to perform 3) break the behavior down into bite sized acts 4) reward every single act that goes toward the overall goal
54
define backchaining
teach first what you want the animal to do last; then work backwards. Supposedly effective. Used a lot in circus animals.
55
define hormones
an organic chemical released by glands that travels toward a target organ
56
list the characteristics of hormones
- long latency of action - high specificity - promote homeostasis - control metabolic processes - low dose due to high potency - affected by positive or negative feedback mechanisms
57
list the characteristics of receptors
- high affinity - have an active site - amount of response is directly proportional to the amount of receptor binding - a lack of receptors causes a lack of hormone concentration - a lot of receptors causes a lot of hormone concentration
58
define positive feedback loop
enhances changes to enable a system to move away from its equilibrium state and cause it to be more unstable EX: birth, clotting
59
define negative feedback loop
buffer changes to allow a system to stay at an equilibrium and cause it to be more stable EX: pulse, respiration rate
60
describe the freemartin effect
if a cow is pregnant with twins and one is a boy and one is a girl, the female will be sterile because she is exposed to too much testosterone in utero
61
how does the birth order of pigs cause hermaphrodites
if a female is between two males than the female has a high chance to become a hermaphrodite because of the large amount of testosterone around her
62
what are the 5 main categories of hormonal effect on the CNS
1) feedback-positive or negative 2) activation 3) organization 4) neuromodulation 5) general metabolic effects
63
explain the defeminization of the brain
1) there is testosterone in the babies testicles 2) the testosterone reacts with an enzyme 3) the reaction forms estradiol that travels through the blood to the brain, enters through the blood brain barrier 4) this destroys the surge center
64
define epigenesis
that the development of behavior is due to both genetic and environmental factors. it says that genes can be present and then expressed differently due to different environments
65
compare and contrast tame and domesticated
tame: accepts human presence, less likely to flee domesticated: may or may not be tame, selective bred for certain characteristics/purposes
66
explain the mirror test
individually housed chimps were confronted with a full length mirror outside their cage for 10 days. Initially the chimps reacted as if they were seeing another chimp and performed social displays toward the mirror. After a few days the social responses decreased and they used the mirror to respond to themself
67
explain the mark test
each chimp was anesthetized and while unconscious had a red mark applied to the brow of one eye and the top half of the opposite ear. The chimps were observed after they woke to ensure they had no knowledge f the red marks. Then the mirror test was carried out. The chimps used the mirror to look at the dots the reflection and touch them
68
what is meta communication
using many forms of signals to communicate
69
explain the gape response
response cats display in the presence of pheromones
70
explain the flehmen response
response horses display in the presence of pheromones
71
define pheromones
hormones spread through the air that indicate a receptivity to breed
72
when identifying dog communication what do you look for
tail position, hackles, movement, ear position, mouth position, eye position
73
explain how an animals eye position explains an animal's prey or predatory behaviors
predatory species have their eyes on front and use bifocal vision prey species have their eyes on the side of their head and use monocular vision
74
how has domestication changed the behaviors current animal species
1) changed in the threshold at which many behavior patterns occur 2) changes in the responses to key stimulus they may response to new stimuli 3) neonatal behavioral patterns have been prolonged in some cases 4) certain types of learning have been enhanced but they are difficult to prove
75
define central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
76
define the peripheral nervous system
nerves connecting CNS to muscles/organs
77
what are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system
sensation: monitors changes/events occurring inside/outside the body. these changes are known as stimuli and cells that monitor them are receptors integration: the parallel processing/interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response reaction: motor output-activation of muscles/glands
78
what are the 2 types of nervous tissue
neurons: functional/signal conducting cells neuroglia: supporting cells-more abundant
79
define neurons
cells that receive/transfer electrical and chemical signals
80
define neuroglia
connective tissue and/or supporting cells of the neuron
81
define agnostic
broad term for aggressive behavior
82
define dominance
behavior that deems a higher status
83
define conflict
mismatch pf motivational systems in an animal | focuses on issues within an animal, not between animals
84
provide an example of a displacement activity
a bird pecking the ground when it is unsure if it should flee or fight its opponent
85
what is alternation
the switching of conflicting tendencies EX: a cow is curious but scared to approach
86
what is the function of schwann cellls?
form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS vital to neuronal regeneration
87
what is the function of satellite cells
surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS | unknown function
88
characteristics of an aggressive dog
``` hackles raised tail bristled/stiff nose curled, lip wrinkled teeth/gums visible stiff legged, body leaning forward ```
89
characteristics of a relaxed dog
tail down and relaxed mouth lightly open, tongue out ears forward loose stance
90
_____'s rule is that smaller species live in warmer areas of their range
Bergmann's
91
Unless there is an inherent______in the behavior, the behavior will not change or adapt
elasticity/variety
92
________is the measure of the behavior divided by the overall time spent observing the animal
time budget
93
________are traits that do not readily change over time
conservative traits
94
_______is the combination of the fitness of an individual and the benefits an animal gets from helping others
inclusive fitness
95
_______is the relative survivorship and reproductive success of an individual
fitness
96
______is the change in allele frequencies over time in a population
evolution
97
______developed the idea of operant conditioning
skinner
98
_____is the year that "the greats" won the nobel prize
1973
99
hormones have a _____latency of action
long
100
decrease in receptor concentration will_____overall hormone concentration
cause a decrease in
101
the______nervous system is also known as the skeletal nervous system
somatic
102
the sympathetic nervous system is also known as the_______response
fight or flight
103
the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the______response
rest and digest
104
what hormone does the pituitary gland secrete
luteinizing hormone and FSH
105
what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete
GnRH
106
what hormone does the adrenal gland secrete
adrenaline
107
what hormone does the thyroid secrete
thyroxin and T3
108
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
109
what hormone does the pancreas secrete
insulin and glucagon
110
what hormone does the parathyroid secrete
parathyroid hormone
111
what hormone does the testis secrete
testosterone
112
what hormone does the ovaries secrete
estrogen and progesterone
113
what hormone does the thymus secrete
thymosin
114
is it possible to influence or control some of the "involuntary functions" by thought process or emotional state?
YES
115
the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems. They mostly control so called "involuntary functions" some of which are
heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
116
when a receptor is stimulated and perceived by the animal what could/might occur?
an action potential, a behavior, release of a hormone
117
what represents the basic functions of the nervous system?
sensation, integration, and reaction
118
for animals to perceive and interact with their environment, they must sense it and they use a part of their nervous system called receptors to do this. what are types of receptors an animal may have
photo, mechano, chemo
119
what behavior did Carl von Frisch study and describe that won him a share of the nobel prize in 1973
dances of bees to locate food
120
which of the following may be considered an adaptive trait
EX 1)moths changing color in response to environmental change EX 2)the size and shape of a hummingbird's bill
121
for a trait to be adaptive, it must meet several criteria, what are those criteria
- heritable - increase fitness - variation
122
list the 4 types of neuroglia and their function in the CNS
astrocytes: guide through developing neurons microglia: cells in brain that helps to form the blood brain barrier and protects the body with the immune system. Gets affected by rabies Ependymal cells: line ventricles in brain Oligodendrocytes: allow current to form
123
list the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS
satellite cells: no one knows | Schwan cells: form myelin sheath

AP Vet (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions