Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Vet > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

define behavior

A

the way a species acts based on their needs and the environment around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the four components needed to be able to study behavior according to Niko Tinbergen

A

evolution, function, causation, development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who are the 3 “greats” of animal behaviorology and what did each of them study

A

lorenz-imprinting/species specific/birds
von frisch-dancing bees
tinbergen-all of it=how traits were adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define ethology

A

the study of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define ethogram

A

a formal description and inventory of animal behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define operant conditioning

A

behaviors that are carried out based on good/bad consequences that will come out of it. Developed by Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain skinner’s experiment

A

skinner used the “skinner box” to have animals operate a set of levers so that they could escape the box and get food. This led to the idea of operant conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain pavlovs experiment

A

pavlov placed dogs in harnesses and presented them with meat powder (unconditioned stimulus). At the same time dogs were presented with another stimulus the bell (conditioned stimulus). Presentation of the bell over time resulted in salivation without the meat powder; therefore, the salivation became the conditioned response to the bell which was learned. This led to classical conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare and contrast behaviorists and ethologists with animal behavior

A

ethologists study zoology, study species specific behavior, and started in England.
behaviorists studied psychology, study behaviors of one species and try to relate to it all, and started in north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define stereotypies

A

when an animal is faced with a problem and no solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define adaptation

A

the change in allele frequencies over time in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did alfred wallace do

A

PROPOSED the idea of evolution and natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did darwin do

A

SUGGESTED how evolution and natural selection worked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the criteria that behaviors must possess to be adaptive

A

heritable, different among animals/species, and help the animal/species and serve an importance to the animal/species, variation must exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define kin selection

A

proposed by william hamilton. An animal can increase their fitness by helping close relatives because close relatives share the helper’s genes (explains altruism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define altruism

A

a type of adaptation that benefits the whole, not the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define inclusive fitness

A

the combination of the fitness of an individual and the benefits an animal gets from helping others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain natural selection

A

natural selection is the differential reproduction and survivorship of individuals in a group. So, the grey moths, for example, can survive better because they blend into the walls so there are more of them and they are able to reproduce more because they are getting eaten much less than the white moths that do not blend in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define learning

A

the process which happens when there is an adaptive change in individual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define habituation

A

the simplest form of learning

it is the reduction and then the lack of response to a stimulus over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain lateralization of the brain

A

the tendency for some neural functions/processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere but it is never 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the three types of neurons that can connect to the CNS

A

interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two categories that the PNS is divided into

A

autonomic NS and somatic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two categories that the autonomic system is divided into

A

parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS (autonomic controls involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the function of the somatic system

A

nerves to/from spinal cord that control muscle movements and soma to sensory inputs
both voluntary and reflex movements
skeletal reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system similar different

A

sympathetic NS= fight or flight, release adrenaline/noradrenaline, increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscles, inhibits digestive function
parasympathetic NS=rest and digest, calms body to conserve/maintain energy, lowers heart rate/blood pressure/breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do sensory receptors do

A

translate stimuli to action potential
“window to the world”-allows us to experience the environment
perception=reception/interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define cycle

A

simple harmonic events that occur within a time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

list the 5 characteristics of cycles

A

frequency, duration, amplitude, period, phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define aschoff’s rule

A

that the body will fall away from the normal 24hr cycle if factors change-EX: a blind animal/person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

define zeitberger

A

exogenous timing that helps re-align with the bodies endogenous timing EX: sun, climate, astronomy signs (moon and stars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define entrainment

A

the process which the endogenous rhythms do not exactly match the exogenous rhythm and the endogenous rhythm must be synchronizes with the exogenous rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why do animals migrate

A

better food, climate, mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define seasonal migration

A

change of location based on season/light availability/temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define nomadic migration

A

continuous migration based on following prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define removal migration

A

change of location with no return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the four flyways for birds in America

A

pacific, central, mississippi, atlantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe the two phases animals go through to prepare to migrate

A

preparatory=within the preparatory phase there is the zugunruhe and fat deposition phases
stimulus=the external cues (EX: temp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define zugunruhe

A

a phase within the stimulus phase that helps trigger migration. they body listens to exogenous factors that tell it it is time to migrate. They also become anxious an restless to leave.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

define orientation

A

the way an animal positions itself in relation to external cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

define piloting

A

use of reference points to get from point A to point B (EX: landmarks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

explain the “waggle dance”

A

the way that bees communicate where food is outside of the hive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe classical conditioning

A

formulation or strengthening on an association between stimulus in a relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally created the response. pavlov used bells and dogs to describe it and its effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

define clicker training

A

type of training method that uses the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (click) with a potent stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

define exctinction

A

a loss of response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

define generalization

A

other similar stimuli may provoke the same response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

define discrimination

A

discrimination between similar stimuli may be brought about by selectively reinforcing only 1 stimulus among trials with other similar stimuli. “only responds to one”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the most effective schedule of reinforcement when training an animal

A

repetition, positive reinforcement, reward, variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

define innate

A

innate behavior is behavior that is born with the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the 4 P’s of training

A

praise, persistance, practice, perseverance

51
Q

list 3 reasons why clicker training is beneficial

A

positive reinforcement, reward, repetition

52
Q

who was karen pryor

A

developed the idea of clicker training

53
Q

how does someone perform clicker training

A

1) charge up the clicker-click, treat, click, treat-this allows the animal to understand a click comes with a reward
2) determine what behavior you want the animal to perform
3) break the behavior down into bite sized acts
4) reward every single act that goes toward the overall goal

54
Q

define backchaining

A

teach first what you want the animal to do last; then work backwards. Supposedly effective. Used a lot in circus animals.

55
Q

define hormones

A

an organic chemical released by glands that travels toward a target organ

56
Q

list the characteristics of hormones

A
  • long latency of action
  • high specificity
  • promote homeostasis
  • control metabolic processes
  • low dose due to high potency
  • affected by positive or negative feedback mechanisms
57
Q

list the characteristics of receptors

A
  • high affinity
  • have an active site
  • amount of response is directly proportional to the amount of receptor binding
  • a lack of receptors causes a lack of hormone concentration
  • a lot of receptors causes a lot of hormone concentration
58
Q

define positive feedback loop

A

enhances changes to enable a system to move away from its equilibrium state and cause it to be more unstable EX: birth, clotting

59
Q

define negative feedback loop

A

buffer changes to allow a system to stay at an equilibrium and cause it to be more stable EX: pulse, respiration rate

60
Q

describe the freemartin effect

A

if a cow is pregnant with twins and one is a boy and one is a girl, the female will be sterile because she is exposed to too much testosterone in utero

61
Q

how does the birth order of pigs cause hermaphrodites

A

if a female is between two males than the female has a high chance to become a hermaphrodite because of the large amount of testosterone around her

62
Q

what are the 5 main categories of hormonal effect on the CNS

A

1) feedback-positive or negative
2) activation
3) organization
4) neuromodulation
5) general metabolic effects

63
Q

explain the defeminization of the brain

A

1) there is testosterone in the babies testicles
2) the testosterone reacts with an enzyme
3) the reaction forms estradiol that travels through the blood to the brain, enters through the blood brain barrier
4) this destroys the surge center

64
Q

define epigenesis

A

that the development of behavior is due to both genetic and environmental factors. it says that genes can be present and then expressed differently due to different environments

65
Q

compare and contrast tame and domesticated

A

tame: accepts human presence, less likely to flee
domesticated: may or may not be tame, selective bred for certain characteristics/purposes

66
Q

explain the mirror test

A

individually housed chimps were confronted with a full length mirror outside their cage for 10 days. Initially the chimps reacted as if they were seeing another chimp and performed social displays toward the mirror. After a few days the social responses decreased and they used the mirror to respond to themself

67
Q

explain the mark test

A

each chimp was anesthetized and while unconscious had a red mark applied to the brow of one eye and the top half of the opposite ear. The chimps were observed after they woke to ensure they had no knowledge f the red marks. Then the mirror test was carried out. The chimps used the mirror to look at the dots the reflection and touch them

68
Q

what is meta communication

A

using many forms of signals to communicate

69
Q

explain the gape response

A

response cats display in the presence of pheromones

70
Q

explain the flehmen response

A

response horses display in the presence of pheromones

71
Q

define pheromones

A

hormones spread through the air that indicate a receptivity to breed

72
Q

when identifying dog communication what do you look for

A

tail position, hackles, movement, ear position, mouth position, eye position

73
Q

explain how an animals eye position explains an animal’s prey or predatory behaviors

A

predatory species have their eyes on front and use bifocal vision
prey species have their eyes on the side of their head and use monocular vision

74
Q

how has domestication changed the behaviors current animal species

A

1) changed in the threshold at which many behavior patterns occur
2) changes in the responses to key stimulus they may response to new stimuli
3) neonatal behavioral patterns have been prolonged in some cases
4) certain types of learning have been enhanced but they are difficult to prove

75
Q

define central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

76
Q

define the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves connecting CNS to muscles/organs

77
Q

what are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system

A

sensation: monitors changes/events occurring inside/outside the body. these changes are known as stimuli and cells that monitor them are receptors
integration: the parallel processing/interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response
reaction: motor output-activation of muscles/glands

78
Q

what are the 2 types of nervous tissue

A

neurons: functional/signal conducting cells
neuroglia: supporting cells-more abundant

79
Q

define neurons

A

cells that receive/transfer electrical and chemical signals

80
Q

define neuroglia

A

connective tissue and/or supporting cells of the neuron

81
Q

define agnostic

A

broad term for aggressive behavior

82
Q

define dominance

A

behavior that deems a higher status

83
Q

define conflict

A

mismatch pf motivational systems in an animal

focuses on issues within an animal, not between animals

84
Q

provide an example of a displacement activity

A

a bird pecking the ground when it is unsure if it should flee or fight its opponent

85
Q

what is alternation

A

the switching of conflicting tendencies EX: a cow is curious but scared to approach

86
Q

what is the function of schwann cellls?

A

form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS
vital to neuronal regeneration

87
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A

surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

unknown function

88
Q

characteristics of an aggressive dog

A 
hackles raised
tail bristled/stiff
nose curled, lip wrinkled
teeth/gums visible
stiff legged, body leaning forward
89
Q

characteristics of a relaxed dog

A

tail down and relaxed
mouth lightly open, tongue out
ears forward
loose stance

90
Q

_____’s rule is that smaller species live in warmer areas of their range

A

Bergmann’s

91
Q

Unless there is an inherent______in the behavior, the behavior will not change or adapt

A

elasticity/variety

92
Q

________is the measure of the behavior divided by the overall time spent observing the animal

A

time budget

93
Q

________are traits that do not readily change over time

A

conservative traits

94
Q

_______is the combination of the fitness of an individual and the benefits an animal gets from helping others

A

inclusive fitness

95
Q

_______is the relative survivorship and reproductive success of an individual

A

fitness

96
Q

______is the change in allele frequencies over time in a population

A

evolution

97
Q

______developed the idea of operant conditioning

A

skinner

98
Q

_____is the year that “the greats” won the nobel prize

A

1973

99
Q

hormones have a _____latency of action

A

long

100
Q

decrease in receptor concentration will_____overall hormone concentration

A

cause a decrease in

101
Q

the______nervous system is also known as the skeletal nervous system

A

somatic

102
Q

the sympathetic nervous system is also known as the_______response

A

fight or flight

103
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the______response

A

rest and digest

104
Q

what hormone does the pituitary gland secrete

A

luteinizing hormone and FSH

105
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete

A

GnRH

106
Q

what hormone does the adrenal gland secrete

A

adrenaline

107
Q

what hormone does the thyroid secrete

A

thyroxin and T3

108
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

109
Q

what hormone does the pancreas secrete

A

insulin and glucagon

110
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

111
Q

what hormone does the testis secrete

A

testosterone

112
Q

what hormone does the ovaries secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone

113
Q

what hormone does the thymus secrete

A

thymosin

114
Q

is it possible to influence or control some of the “involuntary functions” by thought process or emotional state?

A

YES

115
Q

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems. They mostly control so called “involuntary functions” some of which are

A

heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate

116
Q

when a receptor is stimulated and perceived by the animal what could/might occur?

A

an action potential, a behavior, release of a hormone

117
Q

what represents the basic functions of the nervous system?

A

sensation, integration, and reaction

118
Q

for animals to perceive and interact with their environment, they must sense it and they use a part of their nervous system called receptors to do this. what are types of receptors an animal may have

A

photo, mechano, chemo

119
Q

what behavior did Carl von Frisch study and describe that won him a share of the nobel prize in 1973

A

dances of bees to locate food

120
Q

which of the following may be considered an adaptive trait

A

EX 1)moths changing color in response to environmental change
EX 2)the size and shape of a hummingbird’s bill

121
Q

for a trait to be adaptive, it must meet several criteria, what are those criteria

A
  • heritable
  • increase fitness
  • variation
122
Q

list the 4 types of neuroglia and their function in the CNS

A

astrocytes: guide through developing neurons
microglia: cells in brain that helps to form the blood brain barrier and protects the body with the immune system. Gets affected by rabies
Ependymal cells: line ventricles in brain
Oligodendrocytes: allow current to form

123
Q

list the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells: no one knows

Schwan cells: form myelin sheath

AP Vet (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions