Test One Specific Flashcards
Apheresis
ommission of sound from the beginning of a word
ex: ‘cept for except
‘cause for because
Syncope
ommision of sound from within a word.
ex:
“bizness” for buisness
“govment” for government
Apocope
Omission of sound from the end of a word
ex: gonna for going
VOice Assimilation
making a sound more like the sounds surrounding it through voicing.
ex: budder for butter
mudder for mutter
Place Assimilation
Chaning the place a sound is made
ex: grandma becomes gramma
Dissimilation
Changing a sound to make it less like those around it.
Puntit for Pundit
Gemination
Eliminating a difficult-to-pronounce sequence of sounds resulting from adding a prefix to a base by dropping the final consonant of the prefix and doubling the first letter of the base.
Metathesis
reversalof sounds within a word
prettybecome purty
Epenthesis
addition of sound within a word
athlete becomes athelete
Epithesis
addition of sound at the end of a word
across becomes acrosst
Gradation
a chenge in sound resulting form a shift in stress
Suprasegmental
are sound modifications that signal meaning other than segmental phonemes (combinations of sounds).
Pitch
The vocal Levels at which sound is produced
2 A Raised 2
represnts the level of pitch known as Rising Pitch, used when we begin to speak.
3A superscript 3
represents the level of pitch (volume) when we are at the accented syllable of the word that gets most stress in an utterance.
1A superscript 1
represents the falling away of pitch as we come to the end of a grammatical unit.
4Level 4
is rarely used except in statements of strong fear, anger, excitement, etc.
The Dog at the Bone
2The dog ate the 3bo′ne1.↓
After the dance, the three giggle girls went to wendy’s.
2After the 3dance,2→2the three giggling cheerleaders went to 3We′ndy’s1.↓
In symbolizing a intonation contour, pitch should be marked in three places:
At the beginning of the contour (grammatical unit)
At the beginning of the syllable bearing the primary stress
At the end of the unit before the terminal (the punctuation mark indicating closure)
Phonology
the study of units of sound
231
Used in giving commands
Used in questions that begin with a question word (Who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.)
Used in statements/declarative sentences
2Today is 3 Th’ursday1↓.
231
Phone
the smallest unit of sound
Phoneme
a sound in its variations as long as meaning does not change
233 (232) Pattern
Yes or No questions in question form
Yes or No questions in statement form
Initial grammatical units
Allophone
an insignificant variable of a poneme
i
meet
eat
week
Stress
is the emphasis (or lack of emphasis) placed on a syllable.
Four Levels of Stress
Primary stress– denoted by a ‘
Secondary stress—denoted by a ^
Tertiary (or mid) stress—denoted by a `
Unaccented syllables—denoted by a ˘
Primary Stress
a ‘
Secondary Stress
a ^
Tertiary (or mid) stress
a `
ɪ
Mitt
Invite
Pin
In a two-syllable noun, which syllable usually gets primary stress?
the first syllable
In a two syllable verb,, which syllable egts the primary stress?
the second syllable
Produce as a verb
Prod’uce
Produce as a noun
‘produce
Stress Patterns: Compound Nouns
′ `, primary stress on the first syllable and mid stress on the other major syllable.
Adjective- Noun
^ ′
Verb-adverb
^ ′
Gradation
The changing of a sound in a word when the word is spoken with different levels of stress.
I have two dogs.
Juncture
The pauses in speech (terminal or internal)
Terminal Juncture
closed juncture, coes at the end of contours
Internal Junction
Plus or Open Contours, comes withing words or between words.
↓
This mark is used with declarative sentences, imperatives, and questions beginning with question words.
+
This mark is used with internal juncture.
e
mate
eight
locate
Labial
between the lips
Labialdental
w/ lips and teeth
Interdental
Between the teeth
Alevolar
with ridge above upper teeh
Alevo-Palodental
the area just behind the alelor ridge in the roof of the mouth
Velar
made with the tongue near thesoft palat (at the back of the roof of the mouth)
Glottal
Produced by closing the glottis
Stops
The flow of air actually stops as the sound is articulated
Fricatives
A narrow opening somehwere in the oral cavity cause air to rub its way through
Affricatives
Begin like stops (t and d) but end like fricatives (s and z)
Nasals
Made by blocking the mouth and letting the air flow through the nasal cavity
Liquids
made as air flows around the sides of the tounge (laterals)
Retroflex
made by the tounge bending back as the air flows
Semivowels
produced with unrestricted air flow like vowels, but can be followed by vowels
ɛ
met
bet
head
æ
mat
glass
at
ə
mid central
schwa
above
mother
ugly
a
southern I
u
news
toot
fruit
What is the difference between vowels and consonants?
all vowels made with unrestriced air flow, all voiced/oral, and no nasal sounds
ʊ
book
put
should
o
note
toad
goes
ɔ
daughter
awe
order
ð
that
wither
smooth
that
wither
smooth
ð
