Test 2 Flashcards
Invention
words created from no existing morphemes or phonestheme
Compounding words
words formed by the joining of two or more free morphemes into a single word
Derivation
forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words
blending (portmanteau words)
combining two or more parts from two or more existing words
Clip formations
elimination part of a word
Backformation
forming a new word form an existing one, usually verb from a noun, nearly always changing the part of speech
Echoism (onomatopoeia)
words in which the sounds suggest meaning
Reduplication
word with repeating sounds or syllables
Functional Shift
the use of the same word as more than one part of speech
Antonomasia (commonization)
words derived from proper names
Folk etymology (malapropism, Archie Bunker-ism)
using a word in an improper way because of association with a known word or situation, often creating a new word ex: Hearing a song and misunderstanding a word, mishearing something and then creating a new word.
Generalization
giving a more general meaning to a narrow term ex: go- to go by any means of transportation when it once meant to walk, starve- now means to die of hunger, once meant to die
Specialization
narrowing the meaning of a word
Pejoration
giving a derogatory meaning to a word ex: fool used to mean court jester, and now it means idiot.
Amelioration
a once uncomplimentary word now has a more positive meaning. ex: bomb: they dropped a bomb vs. you’re the bomb- wicked: evil vs. cool
Euphemism
substitution of a more pleasant phrase for something unpleasant
Trade Name
using the name of a particular product to refer to and item. ex: coke for soda, Kleenex for tissue, xerox for copy
Phonesthemes
sound combinations that has come to have meaning, units of sound that seem to have meaning but are not true morphemes: fly, flip, flow; glisten, glow, glitter
homogrpahs
words that look alike but have different sounds and meanings: wind a clock, the wind blows; write a resume, resume a project
homophone
words that sound the same but have different meanings: two, to, too
ad-
to, toward
ab-
away from
ante-
before
anti-
against
circum-
around
com-, co-
with, together
contra-
against
de-
down, from
dis-
apart from
hyper-
over
epi-
on, upon
ex-
out of, from
in-
into or not
mis-
wrong
non-
not
ob-
against
per-
through
pro-
forward
re-
back, again
sub-
under
trans-
across
post-
after
un-
not (negates)
pre-
before
inter-
between
intra-
within
an-
without
extra-
beyond
cata-
down
dia-
across
sur-
over
auto-
self
neo-
new
cap (cep,cip)
take, sieze
cid(cis)
cut, kill
dic
say,speak
duc
lead
fer,lat
bear, carry
fac (fec, fic)
do, make
mitt (miss)
send
pon, pos
place, put
port
carry
scrib (scrip)
write
spec
see
ten
hold
ten (tend, tens)
stretch
ven
come
vid (vis)
see
voc
call
sto (sta)
stand
plic, plex
fold, bend
graph
write
doc
teach
aud
hear
ago, eg, ac
do, act
ann, enn
year
pel
drive, force
tang, tac
touch
curr, curs
run
cur
care
moni
warn
ben, born
good
cad, cas
fall
ced, cess
go, yield
do, da
give
Inflectional Affixes
do not change the part of speech, they come at the end of a word (except for infixes), they do not pile up: They close a word.
noun plural
{-s, pl} ex: cats, boys, horses, mice, deer
noun singular possessive
{-‘s} ex: boy’s, cat’s horse’s, of the desk
noun plural possessive
{-s’} ex: boys’, cats’, horses’, of the desks
third person singular present tense
{-s} ex: sees, eats, does, poses, is
simple past tense
{-d pt} ex: walked, drove, needed, sank, slept
past participle
{-d pp} ex: eaten, walked, driven, needed, sunk, slept
Present Participle
{-ing vb} ex: walking, drving, needing, sinking, sleeping (used to show progression)
comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs
slower, friendlier, more (less) beautiful
superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs
{-est sp} ex: slowest, friendliest, most beautiful
Derivational Affixes
all of the suffixes that are not inflectional These words to which these suffixes can be added are arbitrary (not all derivational suffixes can be added to a base) do not normally close out a word (that is, more than one can be added to a base
Morphology
The study of units of meaning
Morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning. Ex. “cow” (a free base) the prefix “un-“ The suffix “’-‘s”
Kinds of Morphemes
free and bound morphemes
Free Morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone. Ex: Golf, girl, cow
Bound Morpheme
a morpheme that must be used with a prefix or suffix ex: “-er” in golfer
Base
the morpheme that carries the basic meaning of a word
Free Base
a base that does not have to have any other parts to complete it. ex: cow, girl
Bound Base
must have prefixes , suffixes, or both to complete it ex: the “ven” in venture “voc” in vocal
Three types of Affixes
prefixes, suffixes, and infixes
Prefix
come before the base they are attached to ex: unlikely, precursor, mistake
Suffix
follow the base they are attached to ex: vented, ability, sadism
Infixes
come within the base they are attached to ex: drive/ drove tooth/teeth woman/women mouse/mice
Full Morphemes
include nouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs- content or context words.
Empty Morphemes
include articles, prepositions, conjunctions- function words (adds to other words)
Derivational Affixes
modify the dictionary meaning of a word to which they are added ex: adding “con-“ to “vent” (meaning to come) gives us the word convent, a place where nuns live adding “-ation” to a base such as “voc-“ or “sanc-“ makes the word a noun: vocation, sanction
Inflectional Affixes
modify the word grammatically for person, number, gender, etc. They do not change the part of speech or the dictionary definition of a word. There are nine of these. -bush, bushes -Talk, talks, talked, talking -Poor, poorer, poorest
Allomorph
Insignificant variation of a morpheme
Homophones
spelled differently, but sound alike ex: too, two, to
Homographs
spelled alike, but do not sound alike ex: wind (breeze), wind (a clock)
Orlon
tradename/ invention
rickrack
reduplication, because of the rhyming sound
FEMA
acronomy
smog
blending
retroactive
derivation
terible dactyl
folk etomology
starve
specialization
xerox
trade name
pass on to one’s great reward
euphenism
she wings her way on wings
functional shift
fool (n.)
pejoration
trade-in
compound
cop
acronomy for constonable on control/pejoration
X ray
invented (x doesn’t stand for anything)
fizz
echoism
dissavow
deravational (prefix and suffix)
AWOl
acronomy
telecast
blend
fido
acronomy for freaks irregularities defect oddities
watt
commonization (from a person’s name)
roach
clip
water makes my mouth water
functional shift
armchair
compound
liberated
derivation
write
back formation from writer
legalize
derivation
cafetorium
blend
antineutron
derivation
gym
clip
sandwich
commonization
scrunch
echoism/blend for crunch and squeeze
ice pie (for I Spy)
folk etomology
iffy
derivation
hodgepodge
reduplication
fottock
folk etimology for foot hook
gadabout
compound of gad and about
powder room
euphenism
manila envelope
trade name
phone
clip
overwrite
derviation
oxford
commonization
swelter
blend for sweating in the weltering sun
whoosh
echoism
zap
echoism
zit
invention
constable
derivation
hubbub
reduplication
ASAP
acronomy
reinvent
derivation
_Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound | _
adventure
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
ad\vent\ure_ _ 3 ven bound
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
come ad toward ure D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
captives
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
cap\tive\s 3 cap bound
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
take, sieze —– —— tive/s D/I
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
abdicated
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
ab\dic\ate\d 4 dic bound
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
speak ab away from ate/d D/I
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
compelling
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
com\pell\ing 3 pell bound
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
drive, force com together ing I
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
pitfallls
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
Cut | # of morphemes | Base | Free/Bound |
pit/fall/s 3 pitt,falls free, free
Meaning | Prefixes | Meaning | Suffixes | I/D
------- ------ ---- s d
children
{-s pl}
Mrs. Horto_n’s_
{ -s sg ps}
the class has studied
{-d pp}
better
{-er cp}
made
{-d pt}
grades
{-s pl}
ran
{-d pt}
screaming
{-ing v}
