Final Review Flashcards

Question

233 (232) Pattern

Answer 1

Yes or No questions in question form Yes or No questions in statement form Initial grammatical units

Answer 2

is the emphasis (or lack of emphasis) placed on a syllable.

Answer 3

Primary stress– denoted by a ' Secondary stress—denoted by a ^ Tertiary (or mid) stress—denoted by a ` Unaccented syllables—denoted by a ˘

Answer 4

the first syllable

Answer 5

the second syllable

Answer 6

′ `, primary stress on the first syllable and mid stress on the other major syllable.

Answer 7

The changing of a sound in a word when the word is spoken with different levels of stress. I *have* two dogs.

Answer 8

The pauses in speech (terminal or internal)

Answer 9

closed juncture, coes at the end of contours

Answer 10

Plus or Open Contours, comes withing words or between words.

Answer 11

This mark is used with declarative sentences, imperatives, and questions beginning with question words.

Answer 12

This mark is used with yes/no questions and with initial grammatical units.

Answer 13

ommision of sound from within a word. ex: "bizness" for buisness "govment" for government

Answer 14

Omission of sound from the end of a word ex: gonna for going

Answer 15

making a sound more like the sounds surrounding it through voicing. ex: budder for butter mudder for mutter

Answer 16

Chaning the place a sound is made ex: grandma becomes gramma

Answer 17

Changing a sound to make it less like those around it. Puntit for Pundit

Answer 18

Eliminating a difficult-to-pronounce sequence of sounds resulting from adding a prefix to a base by dropping the final consonant of the prefix and doubling the first letter of the base.

Answer 19

reversalof sounds within a word prettybecome purty

Answer 20

addition of sound within a word athlete becomes athelete

Answer 21

addition of sound at the end of a word across becomes acrosst

Answer 22

a chenge in sound resulting form a shift in stress

Answer 23

the study of units of sound

Answer 24

the smallest unit of sound

Answer 25

a sound in its variations as long as meaning does not change

Answer 26

an insignificant variable of a poneme

Answer 27

the first syllable

Answer 28

the second syllable

Answer 29

The changing of a sound in a word when the word is spoken with different levels of stress. I *have* two dogs.

Answer 30

The pauses in speech (terminal or internal)

Answer 31

closed juncture, coes at the end of contours

Answer 32

Plus or Open Contours, comes withing words or between words.

Answer 33

This mark is used with declarative sentences, imperatives, and questions beginning with question words.

Answer 34

This mark is used with internal juncture.

Answer 35

words created from no existing morphemes or phonestheme

Answer 36

words formed by the joining of two or more free morphemes into a single word

Answer 37

forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words

Answer 38

combining two or more parts from two or more existing words

Answer 39

elimination part of a word

Answer 40

forming a new word form an existing one, usually verb from a noun, nearly always changing the part of speech

Answer 41

words in which the sounds suggest meaning

Answer 42

word with repeating sounds or syllables

Answer 43

the use of the same word as more than one part of speech

Answer 44

words derived from proper names

Answer 45

using a word in an improper way because of association with a known word or situation, often creating a new word ex: Hearing a song and misunderstanding a word, mishearing something and then creating a new word.

Answer 46

giving a more general meaning to a narrow term ex: go- to go by any means of transportation when it once meant to walk, starve- now means to die of hunger, once meant to die

Answer 47

narrowing the meaning of a word

Answer 48

giving a derogatory meaning to a word ex: fool used to mean court jester, and now it means idiot.

Answer 49

a once uncomplimentary word now has a more positive meaning. ex: bomb: they dropped a bomb vs. you're the bomb- wicked: evil vs. cool

Answer 50

substitution of a more pleasant phrase for something unpleasant

Answer 51

using the name of a particular product to refer to and item. ex: coke for soda, Kleenex for tissue, xerox for copy

Answer 52

sound combinations that has come to have meaning, units of sound that seem to have meaning but are not true morphemes: fly, flip, flow; glisten, glow, glitter

Answer 53

words that look alike but have different sounds and meanings: wind a clock, the wind blows; write a resume, resume a project

Answer 54

words that sound the same but have different meanings: two, to, too

Answer 55

to, toward

Answer 56

with, together

Answer 57

down, from

Answer 58

apart from

Answer 59

out of, from

Answer 60

into or not

Answer 61

back, again

Answer 62

not (negates)

Answer 63

take, sieze

Answer 64

bear, carry

Answer 65

place, put

Answer 66

fold, bend

Answer 67

drive, force

Answer 68

do not change the part of speech, they come at the end of a word (except for infixes), they do not pile up: They close a word.

Answer 69

{-s, pl} ex: cats, boys, horses, mice, deer

Answer 70

{-'s} ex: boy's, cat's horse's, of the desk

Answer 71

{-s'} ex: boys', cats', horses', of the desks

Answer 72

{-s} ex: sees, eats, does, poses, is

Answer 73

{-d pt} ex: walked, drove, needed, sank, slept

Answer 74

{-d pp} ex: eaten, walked, driven, needed, sunk, slept

Answer 75

{-ing vb} ex: walking, drving, needing, sinking, sleeping (used to show progression)

Answer 76

slower, friendlier, more (less) beautiful

Answer 77

{-est sp} ex: slowest, friendliest, most beautiful

Answer 78

all of the suffixes that are not inflectional These words to which these suffixes can be added are arbitrary (not all derivational suffixes can be added to a base) do not normally close out a word (that is, more than one can be added to a base

Answer 79

The study of units of meaning

Answer 80

the smallest unit of meaning. Ex. "cow" (a free base) the prefix "un-" The suffix "'-'s"

Answer 81

free and bound morphemes

Answer 82

a morpheme that can stand alone. Ex: Golf, girl, cow

Answer 83

a morpheme that must be used with a prefix or suffix ex: "-er" in golfer

Answer 84

the morpheme that carries the basic meaning of a word

Answer 85

a base that does not have to have any other parts to complete it. ex: cow, girl

Answer 86

must have prefixes , suffixes, or both to complete it ex: the "ven" in venture "voc" in vocal

Answer 87

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

Answer 88

come before the base they are attached to ex: unlikely, precursor, mistake

Answer 89

follow the base they are attached to ex: vented, ability, sadism

Answer 90

come within the base they are attached to ex: drive/ drove tooth/teeth woman/women mouse/mice

Answer 91

include nouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs- content or context words.

Answer 92

include articles, prepositions, conjunctions- function words (adds to other words)

Answer 93

modify the dictionary meaning of a word to which they are added ex: adding "con-" to "vent" (meaning to come) gives us the word convent, a place where nuns live adding "-ation" to a base such as "voc-" or "sanc-" makes the word a noun: vocation, sanction

Answer 94

modify the word grammatically for person, number, gender, etc. They do not change the part of speech or the dictionary definition of a word. There are nine of these. -bush, bushes -Talk, talks, talked, talking -Poor, poorer, poorest

Answer 95

Insignificant variation of a morpheme

Answer 96

spelled differently, but sound alike ex: too, two, to

Answer 97

spelled alike, but do not sound alike ex: wind (breeze), wind (a clock)

Answer 98

tradename/ invention

Answer 99

reduplication, because of the rhyming sound

Answer 100

derivation

Answer 101

folk etomology

Answer 102

specialization

Answer 103

trade name

Answer 104

functional shift

Answer 105

pejoration

Answer 106

acronomy for constonable on control/pejoration

Answer 107

invented (x doesn't stand for anything)

Answer 108

deravational (prefix and suffix)

Answer 109

acronomy for freaks irregularities defect oddities

Answer 110

commonization (from a person's name)

Answer 111

functional shift

Answer 112

derivation

Answer 113

back formation from writer

Answer 114

derivation

Answer 115

derivation

Answer 116

commonization

Answer 117

echoism/blend for crunch and squeeze

Answer 118

folk etomology

Answer 119

derivation

Answer 120

reduplication

Answer 121

folk etimology for foot hook

Answer 122

compound of gad and about

Answer 123

trade name

Answer 124

derviation

Answer 125

commonization

Answer 126

blend for sweating in the weltering sun

Answer 127

derivation

Answer 128

reduplication

Answer 129

derivation

Answer 130

Answer 131

Answer 132

Answer 133

Answer 134

Answer 135

{ -s sg ps}

Answer 136

a generic individual of a class (boy, desk, chair, tree, etc.)

Answer 137

a specific individual of a class (John, the Taj Mahal, Snoopy, etc.)

Answer 138

has a referent that can be counted (boy, boys; desk, desks; tree, trees)

Answer 139

has a referent that cannot be counted (milk, money , silver, gold, water)

Answer 140

can be considered singly or as a group (club, committee, team, group, etc.)

Answer 141

the referent has a physical existence (book, television, computer, pen)

Answer 142

the referent is a quality (love, fear, air, space, idea)

Answer 143

adverbials

Answer 144

the words necessary to convey meaining in English scentences: nouns verbs adjectives adverbs

Answer 145

Cannot be changed Support Structure Class Words

Answer 146

N¹ V^be N¹ N¹ V^be Adj N¹ V^be Adv N¹ V^lk N¹ N¹ V^lk adj N¹ V^trN² N¹ V^tr N³ N² N¹ V^tr N² N² N¹ Vⁱⁿ\_\_ adv

Answer 147

The pattern consists of a subject, a form of the verb "be" as the main verb, and a subject complement. N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) _Mary_ _is_ my best _friend_. N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) _Mrs. Horton_ _is_ my Advanced Grammar _instructor._ N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) _Billie Holiday_ _was_ a famous _singer._

Answer 148

a noun that is a subject of a verb

Answer 149

Subject Compliment

Answer 150

This pattern consists of subject, a form of "be" as a main verb, and a predicate adjective. N¹ V^be Adj (PA) That _lady_ _is_ so _funny_.

Answer 151

Predicate Adjective

Answer 152

This pattern includes a subjects, a forb of "be" as main verb, and an adverb. N¹ V^be Adv _Spring_ _is_ _here_. N¹ V^be Adv _Spring_ _is_ _in the air_

Answer 153

you have a noun that is recieveing an action

Answer 154

N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) Mrs. Horton is my Advanced Grammar instructor.

Answer 155

N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) The ballerina was a Russain woman.

Answer 156

N¹ (SV) V^be N¹ (SC) My pediatrician had only been a doctor for two years the first time I went there.

Answer 157

N¹ V^be Adj Miss USA was very pretty.

Answer 158

## Footnote N1 Vbe Adv The moon was _behind the trees_

Answer 159

N¹ V^be Adv England is far _away_

Answer 160

Contains a subject, alink verb such as become, remains, seems, etc., and a predicative nominative (subject complement) N¹ Vl^k N¹ THe little boy became a fireman when he grew up.

Answer 161

N¹V^lkN¹ N¹ Vl^k N¹ Mary remains my best friend after twenty years of putting up with me.

Answer 162

This pattern contains a subject, linking verb such as becomes, tastes, seems, smells, grows, etc. and a predicate adjective. N¹ V^lk Adj This bread tastes stale.

Answer 163

This pattern contains a subject, an action verb, and a direct objects of the verb. N¹ V^tr N² John hit a home run.

Answer 164

This pattern contains a subject, an action verb, a direct object, and an indirect object (for whom or what something is given, said, or done). Some verbs this pattern will take include tell, give, make, do, ask, play, build, teach, assign, send, etc. N¹ V^tr N³ N² The teacher gave the class a new assignment

Answer 165

N¹V^lkAdj N¹ V^lk Adj She seems unhappy.

Answer 166

N¹V^trN² N¹ V^tr N² The tiger prowled the jungle.

Answer 167

N¹V^trN³N² N¹ V^tr N³ N² My granddaughter made me a Valentine.

Answer 168

This pattern consists of a subject, an action verb, a direct object, and an object complement (which does not always have to be a noun) Such verbs as choose, elect, select, appoint, deem, judge, etc. are used in this pattern. N¹ V^tr N² n² His trial made O.J. Simpson a household name.

Answer 169

N¹V^trN²N² Identify the judge slected Mrs. Word court stenographer.

Answer 170

This pattern contains a subject and an action verb, but does not have a direct object. Anything that folllows the verb is adverbial in nature. Birds flew though the trees.

Answer 171

N¹V^lm-Adv

Answer 172

FROM: ----- FUNCTION: ---------- POSITION: sub. con.

Answer 173

Form: noun Function: S.V. (subject of the verb) Posistion: nominal

Answer 174

Form: verb Function: M.V. (Main Verb) Position: Verbal

Answer 175

Form: noun Function: D.O. (Direct Object) Position: nominal

Answer 176

From: Verb Function: mod. (modifies) Mary Position: adjectival (the only thing that modifies nouns)

Answer 177

Form: ------- Function: ---------- Position: Prep.

Answer 178

form: ------ Function: ------ Position: Det. (determiner)

Answer 179

Form: noun Function: O.P. (object of the preposition) Position: nominal

Answer 180

form: ----- function: ------ Position: perp.

Answer 181

form: noun Function: O. P. Position: nominal

Answer 182

f: verb f: m.v. P: per. pro.

Answer 183

f: ----- f: ------- P: per. pro./det.

Answer 184

F: noun f: d.o p: nominal

Answer 185

f: verb f: mod. called p: adverbial

Answer 186

f: ---- f: ------ p: flag word

Answer 187

f: --- f: --- p: per. pro.

Answer 188

f: verb f: m.v. p: verbal

Answer 189

f: F; p: per. pro.

Answer 190

f:----- F;---- p: prep.

Answer 191

f: noun f: o.p. p: nominal

Answer 192

A clause is a group of words containing a subject (doer) and a predicate (a verb form in the main verb position). Clauses may be dependent or independent.

Answer 193

Independent clauses have a subject, a predicate, and completeness of thought. They stand by themselves.

Answer 194

Like independent clauses, dependent clauses must have their own subject and predicate. They are not, however, able to stand alone.

Answer 195

Adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, which, whom, whoever, whomever, and that. They modify nouns or noun substitutes and always follow the word they modify.

Answer 196

A way to test for adjective clauses is the pronoun replacement test: The book that was on the table was Jonathan’s. Replacement: It was Jonathan’s.

Answer 197

A noun clause is a dependent clause used as a single-word noun would be used—as subject of the verb, direct object, subject complement, etc.

Answer 198

that, which, if, whether, and whether or not

Answer 199

Adverbial clauses behave as single-word adverbs do, answering such questions as when, where, how, to what extent. They modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Answer 200

when, if, after, although, even though.

Answer 201

A simple sentence contains one independent clause, but cannot contain any dependent clauses. The Three Little Pigs laughed at the antics of the Big Bad Wolf and stayed in the neighborhood for many years to come. Seeing the movie for the first time, I was amazed at its complexity.

Answer 202

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses, but it may not contain any dependent clauses. The Three Little Pigs were not afraid of the Big Bad Wolf, but they did respect his right to behave like a wolf. The sisters not only looked alike, but they also acted alike.

Answer 203

Complex sentences are sentences that contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. When Mary walked into the room, the heads of all the males turned in her direction because she was drop-dead gorgeous! The first person who made me want to be a teacher was Mr. Limbaugh, my fourth-grade teacher.

Answer 204

Compound-complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The Three Little Pigs, who were really irritated by the behavior of the Big Bad Wolf, grew tired of putting up with his nonsense, and they ran him out of town with the threat that they would tar and feather him if he ever returned.

Answer 205

Where a noun is the subject of the main verb

Answer 206

A noun that compliments or renames the subject of the verb

Answer 207

A noun for which the action of the main verb is being acted upon

Answer 208

The indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. If you would like, we can give _Martha_ the tickets to tonight’s game.

Answer 209

an object of a verb in the predicate of a passive construction (as me in “a book was given me” and book in “I was given a book”)

Answer 210

An object complement is an noun, pronoun, or adjective which follows a direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become. It is most often used with verbs of creating or nominating such as make, name, elect, paint, call, etc. ## Footnote We know there is a difference between calling Mayor Williams and calling Williams mayor or painting a red door and painting a door red. When the word follows the direct object and it tells what the direct object has become, it is the object complement. Sometimes people call it an objective complement. The italicized words on this page are object complements.

Answer 211

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples: ## Footnote The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.

Answer 212

A direct address is the name of the person (normally) who is being directly spoken to. ## Footnote It is always a proper noun. It does not have any grammatical relationship to any part of the sentence. It is set off by commas. Example: What do you think of this, Georgia?

Answer 213

We often use two nouns together to show that one thing is a part of something else: ## Footnote the village church; the car door; the kitchen window; the chair leg; my coat pocket; London residents

Answer 214

A noun that is the object of a preposition A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class.

Answer 215

Often, verbs by formed are used in nonverbal positions as adjectivals, adverbials, or nominals. Verbs used in these positions are nonfinite. -ing and infinitive verbs

Answer 216

Words that pair with adjectives and adverbs to modify them: very, extremely, quite, kind of, sort of, etc. The water was extremely warm. The water was boiling hot.

Answer 217

Restricters limit the words they modify. The number of words that can act as restricters is quite limited in the English language. Examples: even, only, just, nearly, almost, particularly, especially, particularly Just two more days until Spring Break—hurrah! Almost everyone passed the exam.

Answer 218

A determiner is a word that pairs with a noun in a prenominal position. The dog That dog Any dog John’s dog His dog

Answer 219

Articles—a, an, the Possessives of personal pronouns—his, her, my, our its, their, your Possessives of proper names—John’s, Mary’s, Jeannie’s ,etc. Demonstratives—this, that, these, those Words like these: any, each, enough, either, which, etc.

Answer 220

These words immediately precede the determiner (whether the determiner is stated or implied). They are ALL, BOTH, HALF, DOUBLE. Both the doctors read the x-rays.

Answer 221

Postdeterminers come immediately after a determiner but before any adjectives that may modify a noun. They include the following: Cardinal and ordinal numbers Possessives of common nouns Amounts such as few, single, less, more, most

Answer 222

The seven coordinating conjunctions of English connect structures of equal grammatical rank: two independent clauses, two dependent clauses, two nouns, two verbs, two adjectives, two adverbs, etc. The coordinating conjunctions are FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO (FANBOYS).

Answer 223

Subordinating Conjunctions add one clause to another in a subordinate (unequal) relationship. Subordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions are adverbial in nature. Examples: When, although, before, after, if, even though, since, because, where, though, until, while, as soon as, in order that, so that, etc.

Answer 224

Correlative conjunctions are like coordinating conjunctions in their function, but they always occur in pairs: Not only, but also; both, and; either, or; neither, nor.

Answer 225

These –self pronouns usually occur in the predicate part of the sentence, renaming the subject of the sentence. The firefighter went into the burning building himself rather than sending one of his men. I told myself I would retire when I stopped enjoying teaching.

Answer 226

These –self pronouns immediately follow the noun they refer to, and they add emphasis to that noun. I myself baked those cookies (rather than going out and buying them). Once you yourself have experienced parenthood, you will understand the joys of parenthood; you really can’t see it through someone else’s eyes.

Answer 227

The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. When they are in the prenominal position, they act as determiners; in the predicate or subject position they are noun substitutes. Examples: Pronouns That is my book. “The greatest love is this: that a man lay down his life for his friends.” “These are the times that try men’s souls.” Determiner: That book is mine.

Answer 228

Relative pronouns are connectors which relate an adjective clause to the noun it modifies in the sentence in which it appears. Examples are who, whom, which, whichever, whoever, that, etc.

Answer 229

These pronouns are those used in asking questions (making question transformations): who, what, whose, which, whoever, whomever, etc. Who is that masked stranger? Which of you wants to go first? What’s the plan, man?

Answer 230

These pronouns refer to nonspecific people or things; they do not change form to reflect, gender, person or number. Anyone, everyone, some, nothing, everything, few, many several, all, none, most, no one, one, etc.

Answer 231

The English language has three kinds of auxiliaries: primary, modal, and periphrastic. Auxiliaries are also known as helping verbs. Primary—forms of be and/or have Modal—can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to Periphrastic—do, did

Answer 232

These are the so-called “empty words” followed by a linking or be verb: There seems to be a problem here. There are three ducks in the pond.

Answer 233

Compound- Complex

Answer 234

P: Sub. Con

Answer 235

F: noun F: S.V. P: Nominal

Answer 236

F: verb F: D.O. P: nominal

Answer 237

F: noun F: D.O. P: nominal

Answer 238

F: noun F: S.V. P: nominal

Answer 239

F: verb F: Main Verb P: Verbal

Answer 240

F: Noun F: I.O. P: nominal

Answer 241

F: noun F: mod. test P: adjectival

Answer 242

F: noun F: D.O. P: nominal

Answer 243

F: verb F: modifies gave P: adverbial

Answer 244

P: Flag Word

Answer 245

F: verb F: Mod. Lauren P: adjectival

Answer 246

F: adv F: mod. looking P: adverbial

Answer 247

P: qualifier

Answer 248

F: u.w F: mod. looking P: adverbial

Answer 249

P: primary auxilary