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Geol 101 Lecture > Test One Key Terms > Flashcards

Test One Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Age of Earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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2
Q

Asthenosphere

A

the soft, weak layer below the lithosphere

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3
Q

Craton

A

the stable interior of the continents

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4
Q

Density

A

mass per unit volume

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

process by which Earth came to have its present interior structure

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6
Q

Earth’s spheres

A

Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere

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7
Q

Geologic Hazard

A

natural processes that adversely affect people

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative or untested explanation

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9
Q

Lithosphere

A

the rigid outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the upper mantle

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10
Q

Layers of Earth

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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11
Q

Natural Disaster

A

flood, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, etc. causes damage and or loss of life

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12
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Continental plates include things like Mountains

Ocean floors include things like ocean ridges

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13
Q

Shield

A

expansive, flat regions of deformed crystalline rocks in the cratons

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14
Q

Theory

A

a well-tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community agrees best explains certain observable facts

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15
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the physical, chemical, and biologic laws that operate today have operated throughout the geologic past

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16
Q

Continental drift

A

a supercontinent once existed and began to break apart about 200 million years ago

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17
Q

Convection currents

A

in the mantle where warm buoyant rocks rise and cool, dense rocks sink, is the underlying driving force of plate tectonics
major force for transporting heat away from the interior of Earth

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18
Q

Convergent boundaries

A

destructive margins

plates move together

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19
Q

Divergent boundaries

A

constructive margins

plates move apart

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20
Q

Magnetic reversal

A

the north pole becomes the south pole and the south becomes the north pole

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21
Q

Mantle plume

A

cylindrically shaped upwelling of hot rock

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22
Q

Mid-ocean ridge

A

along well developed divergent plate boundaries and the seafloor is elevated

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23
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

magnetite is the frozen in position and indicates the and indicates the position of the north pole at the time of rock solidification

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24
Q

Pangea

A

supercontinent that consistedof all Earth’s landmasses

began breaking apart about 200 million ago

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25
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The lithosphere is broken into two dozen smaller sections called lithospheric plates that are in constant motion

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26
Q

Rift valley

A

along the crest of the ridge is a canynon-like feature

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27
Q

rifting

A

elongated depression will develop within the region of the divergence

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28
Q

Seafloor spreading

A

the mechanism that operates along the ridge to create new ocean floor

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29
Q

Slab pull

A

The subduction of cold oceanic lithosphere

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30
Q

Subduction zone

A

the leading edge of one plate is bent downward as it slides beneath the other

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31
Q

Transform boundaries

A

conservative margins

plates grind past each other without the production or destruction of lithosphere

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32
Q

Trench

A

produced at subduction zones

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33
Q

Volcanic arc

A

when volcanoes emerge as islands

when oceanic-continental convergence, partial melting initiates volcanic activity

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34
Q

Ion

A

positively and negatively charged atoms

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35
Q

Isotope

A

same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

36
Q

Lithology

A

study of rocks

37
Q

Mineral

A 
Natural occurring 
Inorganic 
solid substance
crystalline structure 
definite chemical composition
38
Q

Mineralogy

A

study of minerals

39
Q

Mohs hardness scale

A

tests resistance to abrasion or scratching

40
Q

Oxide

A

contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in chemical formula

41
Q

Periodic Table

A

Elements organized so that those with similar properties line up

42
Q

Silicate

A

minerals that are the most common type of minerals
make up 90% of the earths crust
silicon and oxygen make up the building blocks

43
Q

Trace elements

A

elements that occur in such small concentrations they do not change the essence of a material

44
Q

Basaltic

A

Mafic

45
Q

Batholith

A

large intrusive body

expansive

46
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

Minerals crystallize in a systematic fashion based on their melting points
The composition of the liquid portion of the magma continually changes

47
Q

Cooling rate

A

slow rate = fewer but larger crystals

fast rate = many but small crystals

48
Q

Dike

A

tabular, discordant pluton

conduits to transport magma

49
Q

Extrusive

A

Volcanic

solidification of lava or volcanic debris on surface

50
Q

Felsic

A

light colors
made of quartz and feldspar
high silica content
makes up huge part of continental crust

51
Q

Geothermal gradient

A

temperatures in the upper crust increase about 25 C per kilometer

52
Q

Granitic

A

Felsic

53
Q

Igneous

A

forms as molten rock cools and solidifies

54
Q

Intrusive

A

plutonic

magma that crystallizes at depth (underground)

55
Q

Laccolith

A

forcibly injected between sedimentary strata

Causes the overlying strata to arch upward

56
Q

Lava

A

magma at the surface

57
Q

Mafic

A

Dark colored
iron and magnesium
higher density
make up ocean floor and volcanic islands

58
Q

Sill

A

concordant pluton

tend to accumulate magma and increase in thickness

59
Q

Texture

A

overall appearance of a rock based on the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains

60
Q

Vesicular

A

rocks contain voids left by gas bubbles in the lava

common feature of extrusive igneous rock

61
Q

Volatile

A

dissolved gases in the melt that vaporize at surface pressure

62
Q

Calderea

A

volcanic crater that has a diameter of bigger than a kilometer and is produced by a collapse following a massive eruption

63
Q

Crater

A

a funnel-shaped depression at the summit of most volcanic cones (small)

64
Q

Lava Flow

A

mostly basaltic

Aa and Pahoehoe

65
Q

Pyroclastic

A

pulverized rock and lava fragments

66
Q

Quiescent

A

involves fluid basaltic lavas

Quiet eruptions that last a long time

67
Q

Ring of Fire

A

Stratovolcanoes that are located adjacent to the Pacific ocean

68
Q

Scoria

A

Reddish-brown porous rock from frothy basaltic and andesitic lava

69
Q

Types of Volcanoes

A

Shield Volcanoes
Cinder Cones
Composite

70
Q

Vesicles

A

holes in rocks left from dissolved gases

71
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

controlled by: Temperature, Composition, and Dissolved gases

72
Q

Agents of chemical weathering

A

The most important is water

73
Q

Agents of erosion

A

n

74
Q

Carbonic acid

A

created when carbon dioxide dissolves in raindrops

Calcite is easily attacked by weakly acidic solutions

75
Q

Humus

A

remains of animals that are converted into organic component of soil

76
Q

Hydrolysis

A

reaction of any substance with water

77
Q

Interface

A

n

78
Q

Regolith

A

Earth’s land surface is covered by a layer of rock and mineral fragments

79
Q

Residual soil

A

soil that is in its original location

80
Q

Sheeting

A

large masses of igneous rocks are exposed by erosion and concentric slabs break loose

81
Q

Soil

A

combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air and supports plant growth

82
Q

Spheroidal

A

Weathering attacks edges from two sides and corners from three sides
Sharp edges become rounded

83
Q

Talus

A

n

84
Q

Transported soil

A

soil that has been moved from its original place

85
Q

Types of weathering

A

Frost wedging
Salt crystal growth
Sheeting/Unloading
Biological activity

Geol 101 Lecture (13 decks)

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