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Geol 101 Lecture > Quiz (Chapter 5 and 6) > Flashcards

Quiz (Chapter 5 and 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

magma

A

molten rock that usually contains some crystals and varying amounts of dissolved gas

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2
Q

lava

A

erupted magma

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3
Q

viscosity

A

mobility
The more viscous = greater resistance to flow
influenced by: temperature, composition, and dissolved gases

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4
Q

Temperature

A

As lava cools it congeals and the viscosity increases

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5
Q

Composition

A

chemical composition of the magma

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6
Q

Mafic

A

Basaltic magma that contains about 50 percent silica

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7
Q

intermediate

A

Andesitic magma contains about 60 percent silica and form rocks such as andesite and diorite

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8
Q

Felsic

A

Rhyolitic magma contain more than 70 percent silica and produce rocks such as granite and rhyolite

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9
Q

The more silica in the magma….

A

the greater the viscosity

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10
Q

Dissolved gases

A

mainly dissolved water which increases the fluidity

gases also give magma their explosive characteristic

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11
Q

Quiescent Eruptions

A

On the ocean floor high temperature basaltic magmas reach Earth’s surface, where they produce highly fluid lavas.
In continental settings, the density of the crustal rock is less than that of the ascending material causing the magma to pond at the crust-mantle boundary

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12
Q

Explosive Eruptions

A

all magmas contain some water vapor and other gasses that are kept in solution by the immense pressure of the over lying rock. As the magma rises, a reduction in pressure occurs and the dissolved gases begin to separate from the melt forming tiny bubbles
ex: opening a soda can

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13
Q

eruption columns

A

highly viscous magmas expel particles of fragmented lave and gases at nearly supersonic speeds that evolve into bouyant plumes

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14
Q

lava flows

A

the vast majority of lava on Earth (more than 90%) is basaltic (mafic) andesitic (intermediate) lava (less than 10%) rhyolitic (felsic) less than 1%

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15
Q

hot basaltic lavas

A

usually very fluid, flow in thin broad sheets or stream-like ribbons and move very fast

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16
Q

Aa and Panhoehoe flows

A

aa: rough jagged surfaces of rough jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges and spiny projections
pahoehoe: smooth surfaces that sometimes resemble twisted braids of ropes, hotter and more fluid and can change into aa flows in lava tubes

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17
Q

lava tubes

A

cave-like tubes that were previously conduits for carrying lava from an active vent to the flow’s leading edge

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18
Q

pillow lava

A

occurs over and over as molten basalt is extruded like toothpaste from a tightly squeezed tube. stacked one atop the other

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19
Q

pyroclastic materials

A

pulverized rock and lava fragments from the vent also known as tephra

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20
Q

pumice

A

low density vesicular rock that forms during explosive eruptions of viscous magma having an andesitic to rhyolitic composition

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21
Q

Anatomy of a volcano

A

conduit:localized path of gas-rich magma that moves up through a fissure into circular chamber
vent: surface opening
volcanic cone: cone-shaped wall structure created by successive eruptions of lava and/or pyrocastic material
crater: located at the summit of most volcanic cones is a somewhat funnel-shaped depression
parasitic cones: flank eruption secondary vent

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22
Q

shield volcanoes

A

broad slightly dome-shaped
covers large areas
produced by mild eruptions of large volumes of basaltic lava
Most begin on the seafloor as seamounts; only a few grow large enough to form a volcanic island
Ex: Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, the Galapagos, and Easter Island
Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano on Earth

23
Q

Cinder Cone volcanoes

A

built from ejected lava fragments that begin to harden in flight to produce the vesicular rock scoria
frequently occur in groups
Lava fields
Paricutin

24
Q

Composite volcanoes

A

most are located near the Pacific Ocean (ring of fire) contain alternating layers of explosively erupted cinders and ash imbedded with lava flows.
ex: mt. st Helens and mt. Edna

25
Q

pyroclastic flows

A

hot gases infused with incandescent ash and larger lava fragments speeds can exceed 100 km per hour
two parts: a low density cloud of hot expanding gases and a ground-hugging portion that is often composed of pumice and other vesicular pyroclastic material
Driven by gravity

26
Q

lahar

A

mudflows on active and inactive cones

occurs when volcanic debris becomes saturated with water amd rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes

27
Q

Blocks from pyroclastic materials

A

hardened or cooled lava

28
Q

bombs pyroclastic materils

A

ejected as hot lava

29
Q

pumice

A

light gray or pink rock from frothy andesitic and rhyolitic lava

30
Q

Scoria

A

reddish-brown porous rock from frothy basaltic and andesitic lava

31
Q

Vent

A

the surface opening of a conduit

32
Q

conduit

A

a fissure that magma moves through to reach the surface

33
Q

volcanic cone

A

a cone of material created by successive eruptions of lava and pyroclastic material

34
Q

Crater

A

a funnel-shaped depression at the summit of most volcanic cones, generally less than 1 km in diameter

35
Q

Caldera

A

a volcanic crater that has diameter of >1 km and is produced by a collapse following a massive eruption

36
Q

Parasitic cones

A

a flank vent that emits lava and pyroclastic material

37
Q

Fumaroles

A

a flank that emits gases

38
Q

lava dome

A

small dome-shaped mass composed of rhylitic lava

39
Q

Volcanic neck and pipes

A

remains of magma that solidified in a volcanic conduit

40
Q

volcanism at convergent plate boundaries

A

occurs at subduction zones where two plates converge and the oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle

41
Q

Volcanic arcs

A

develop parallel to the associated subduction zone trench

42
Q

Volcanoes at divergent plate boundaries

A

60% of Earth’s yearly output of magma is from spreading centers
vast outpouring of fluid, basaltic lavas

43
Q

Weathering

A

the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at or near Earth’s surface

44
Q

Two types of Weatherig

A
  1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

45
Q

Mechanical

A

physical forces breaking rocks into smaller peices

46
Q

Chemical

A

chemical transformation of rock into new compuds

47
Q

Types of mechanical weathering

A

Frost wedging
Salt crystal growth
Sheeting/Unloading
Biological activity

48
Q

Types of Chemical weathering

A

Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Spheroidal weathering

49
Q

The most important agent is

A

water

50
Q

The rate of weathering is influenced by

A

Rock type and climate

51
Q

soil

A

combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air and is the portion of the regolith that supports plant growth

52
Q

Controls of soil formation

A

parent material, time, climate, plants and animals, and topography interact to control soil formation

53
Q

soil is divided into

A

horizons
O is organic and E can be leached out
C is chunkier rocks

Geol 101 Lecture (13 decks)

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