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Geol 101 Lecture > Quiz Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Quiz Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Earthquake

A

ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock sliding past one another

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2
Q

Faults

A

rocks sliding past one another along fractures in the crust

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3
Q

focus or hypocenter

A

where the rock slippage of the Earthquake originates in the ground

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4
Q

Seismic waves

A

stored up energy released in all directions from the focus

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5
Q

epicenter

A

point on the ground surface directly about the focus

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6
Q

Causes of Earthquakes

A

Massive landslides, meteorites, and volcanic eruptions, plate movement

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7
Q

elastic rebound

A

deformed rocks “snap back” to their original position in this process

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8
Q

aftershocks

A

small earthquakes that follow major earthquakes

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9
Q

foreshocks

A

minor earthquakes that sometimes precede a major earthquake by days, weeks, or months

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10
Q

Three major types of faults

A

Normal, Reverse and thrust, and Strike-slip faults

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11
Q

Normal Fault

A

associated with divergent plate boundaries

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12
Q

Reverse and thrust

A

associated with convergent plate boundaries

Megathrust fault: in a subduction zone, the boundary between the subducting and overlying plate

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13
Q

Strike-slip

A

large faults associated with divergent plate boundaries

Small strike-slip faults associated with divergent plate boundaries

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14
Q

Types of Faults

A

Some portions exhibit slow, gradual displacement known as fault creep
Other segments regularly slip, producing small earthquakes, others remain stuck and store elastic energy

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15
Q

Fault slip

A

the amount of displacement on the fault surface

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16
Q

Seismology

A

study of earthquake waves

Chinese 2000 years ago

17
Q

Seismographs

A

record the movement of Earth in relation to a stationary mass on a rotating drum or magnetic tape
More than one is needed to record horizontal and vertical ground movement

18
Q

Seiesmograms

A

records seismic waves

19
Q

types of seismic waves

A

Surface waves, P waves, S waves (P and S are Body Waves)

20
Q

Surface waves

A

travels in the rock layers just below Earth’s surface
-two general directions of motion
-One causes the ground to move up and down
-second causes the ground to move side to side (Greatest destruction)
slowest waves highest amplitude
Cause greater damage than Body waves

21
Q

Body waves

A

travel through Earth’s interior

22
Q

P waves

A 
Body wave 
are compression waves 
can travel through all materials
Fastest moving waves
lowest amplitude
23
Q

S waves

A

Body wave
are shear waves
Can only travel through solid material
Travel slower than P waves

24
Q

Two measurements of the size of an earthquake

A

Intensity and Magnitude

25
Q

Intensity

A

measure of degree of earthquakes shaking at give locale based on amount of damage

26
Q

Magnitude

A

An estimate of the amount of Energy released at the source of the earthquake

27
Q

Intensity scales

A

Modified Mercalli Intensity scale

may not be accurate

28
Q

Intensity can very due to

A

soil; type of rocks under the surface of certain locations

29
Q

Magnitude scales

A

Richter scale
Amplitude of the largest seismic wave
Moment Magnitude: total energy released during an earthquake

30
Q

Amount of destruction varies on:

A

Magnitude of the earthquake

Proximity to epicenter

31
Q

Liquefaction

A

process where loosely packed, waterlogged sediments behave as a fluid during the intense shaking of an earthquake

32
Q

seiches

A

rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes, reservoirs, and enclosed basins

33
Q

Landslides and Ground Subsidence

A

Ground shaking causes loose sediments on a slope to slump

34
Q

Fire

A

Can start when gas and electrical lines are destroyed by an earthquake
Broken water lines make fire control probkematic

35
Q

Tsunami

A

series of large ocean waves
generated by displacement from a megathrust fault
Close to shore, the water “piles up” and can exceed 30 meters in height

36
Q

95% percent of energy released from earthquakes originates

A

along circum-Pacific belt

Most earthquakes occur along megathrust faults of convergent plate boundaries

37
Q

seismic gaps

A

tectonically quiet zones along a fault where strain is currently building up

Geol 101 Lecture (13 decks)

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