Quiz (Chapter 9)

Question 1

Numerical Dates

Answer 1

specify the number of years that have passed since an event occurred
specific and exact

Question 2

Correlation within limited areas

Answer 2

• position of bed in a sequence
• matching of rocks of similar ages from different regions
• Fossils

Question 3

Principal of Fossil succession

Answer 3

Fossils are arranged according to their age

Question 4

Index fossils

Answer 4

widespread geographically and limited to a short period of geologic time

Question 5

Fossil assemblage

Answer 5

group of fossils used to determine a rocks age

Question 6

Environmental indicators of fossils

Answer 6

Fossils can be used to infer information about past environments

Question 7

nucleus of an atom

Answer 7

protons +, neutrons 0

Question 8

Electrons

Answer 8

negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus

Question 9

Atomic number

Answer 9

is told by the number of protons

Question 10

The importance of a Time scale

Answer 10

-rocks record geologic and evolutionary changes throughout history

Question 11

Principle of Superpostition

Answer 11

in sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the above and younger than the one below

Question 12

Principle of Original Horizontality

Answer 12

Layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position
Rocks layers that are flat have not been disturbed

Question 13

Principle of Lateral Continuity

Answer 13

Beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually thin out or grade into a different sediment
-continuous from side to side

Question 14

Principle of Cross-Cutting

Answer 14

younger features cut across older features

Question 15

Inclusions

Answer 15

fragments of one rock unit that are enclosed within another rock unit
-the rock containing the inclusion is younger

Question 16

Unconformities

Answer 16

a break in the rock record produced by non-deposition and erosion of rock units
3 basic types

Question 17

conformable

Answer 17

layers of rock that have been deposited without interruption

Question 18

3 basic types of unconformities

Answer 18

angular unconformity
nonconformity
disconformity

Question 19

Angular unconformity

Answer 19

Titled rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks

Question 20

Disconformity

Answer 20

sedimentary strata on either side of the unconformity are parallel

Question 21

Nonconformity

Answer 21

sedimentary strata overlay metamorphic or igneous rocks

Question 22

Fossils

Answer 22

traces or remains of prehistoric life preserved in rock

Question 23

paleontology

Answer 23

study of fossils

Question 24

Knowing the nature of life that existed at a particular time

Answer 24

helps researchers understand past environmental conditions

Question 25

Types of fossils

Answer 25

Permineralization 
Molds and casts
Carbonization impressions
Amber 
Trace fossils

Question 26

Permineralization

Answer 26

Mineral rich groundwater flows through porous tissue and precipitates minerals
ex: petrified wood

Question 27

Mold and casts

Answer 27

A mold is created when a shell is buried and then dissolved by underground water
A cast is created when the hollow spaces of a mold are filled

Question 28

Carbonization and impressions

Answer 28

happens when an organism is buried, followed by compression, squeezes out gases and liquids leaving a thin film of carbon

Question 29

Amber

Answer 29

hardened resin of ancient trees

preserves insects

Question 30

Trace fossils

Answer 30

indirect evidence of prehistoric life

tracks, burrows, coprolites, and gastroliths

Question 31

increases the chances of preservation

Answer 31

rapid burial and possession

Question 32

Correlation

Answer 32

involves matching rocks of similar ages from different regions

Question 33

principle of fossil succession

Answer 33

fossils are arranged according to their age

Question 34

Index fossils

Answer 34

widespread geographically and limited to a short period of geologic time

Question 35

fossil assemblage

Answer 35

group of fossils used to determine a rocks age