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Biomechanics > Test One Chapter four > Flashcards

Test One Chapter four Flashcards

1
Q

what is force

A

something with the capability to cause a change in motion of a system

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2
Q

what are the properties of force

A

direction, orientation, magnitude, point of application, line of action

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3
Q

what is the law of inertia

A

a body at rest tends to stay at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by a net force

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4
Q

law of inertia explains the motion of a system in the absence of

A

net externally applied force

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5
Q

what is the law of acceleration

A

acceleration is proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object

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6
Q

equation for acceleration

A

force/mass

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7
Q

force equation

A

force= mass x acceleration

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8
Q

equation for momentum

A

mass x velocity

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9
Q

change in motion is directly proportional to the

A

magnitude of the net applied force

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10
Q

what is the law of action-reaction

A

to every action there is always an opposite and equal reaction

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11
Q

what are the four types of forces

A

non contact (field) forces, contact forces, external and internal forces, action and reaction forces

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12
Q

what is a field

A

any object possessing mass creates an invisible field of influence stretching throughout space

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13
Q

what is field force

A

non contact force

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14
Q

what is non contact force

A

newton’s law of universal gravitation explains the interaction of objects even when they are not in contact

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15
Q

what is strong nuclear force

A

occurs between subatomic particles; prevent the nucleus of an atom from exploding because of the repulsive electric force produced by its protons

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16
Q

what is electromagnetic force

A

between electric charges

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17
Q

what is gravitational force

A

exists between bodies of mass

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18
Q

what is contact force

A

the result of physical contact between two bodies

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19
Q

what is external forces

A

those that interact with the system from the outside

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20
Q

example of external forces

A

i hit ground, ground hits me

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21
Q

what are internal forces

A

act within the defined system

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22
Q

example of internal forces

A

muscles we use to apply the force, what muscles are engaged

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23
Q

what forces can change the motion of the system

A

external

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24
Q

what forces can change the shape of the system

A

internal

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25
Q

what is action force

A

“the force”, the initially applied force

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26
Q

what is the reaction force

A

the simultaneous equal counterforce acting in the opposite direction to the action force

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27
Q

what is the most pervasive external forces in everyday life

A

gravity

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28
Q

where is gravitational pull concentrated at

A

center of mass

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29
Q

what is weight

A

measure of the force with which gravity pulls upon an object’s mass

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30
Q

what happens to weight when you move closer to the center of the earth’s mass

A

weight decreases

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31
Q

what happens to weight when you move farther from the center of earth’s mass

A

weight increases

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32
Q

what is friction

A

force that resists the sliding of two objects in contact

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33
Q

friction exists when

A

two objects are in contact and have the potential to slide across each other

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34
Q

how do you represent the friction force in a vector

A

direction opposite of the potential sliding direction and parallel to the two surfaces in contact

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35
Q

what is normal force

A

force that acts downward on one surface and upward on another

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36
Q

examples of normal force

A

weight or gravity acting towards the center of the earth, force that presses two surfaces together

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37
Q

what is ground reaction force

A

oppositely directed normal force

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38
Q

what is static friction

A

exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

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39
Q

in order for object to move what must happen

A

applied force must be greater than the static friction

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40
Q

what factors affect static friction

A

normal force, coefficient of static friction, static friction force

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41
Q

what is static friction force

A

force that must be exceeded to start the slide of the object

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42
Q

what is equation for static friction

A

normal force x coefficient of static friction= static friction force

43
Q

gravity equals

A

9.8 m/s^2

44
Q

normal force equation

A

= mass x gravity

45
Q

what is kinetic friction

A

friction in cases when the two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other

46
Q

kinetic friction occurs when

A

you are moving

47
Q

the coefficient of kinetic friction is ____ than the coefficient of static friction

A

lower due to the surface molecules are not locked together instead they are just bumping into each other

48
Q

equation of kinetic force

A

normal force x coefficient of kinetic friction= kinetic friction force

49
Q

is static force variable or constant

A

variable bc you have to apply greater amount of force go from static to moving

50
Q

is kinetic force constant or variable

A

constant and the energy used is lower

51
Q

why would it be more tiring to push sled and stop instead push sled at slow continuous rate

A

takes more energy and force to over come the static friction where in kinetic friction the force is constant

52
Q

what is rolling friction

A

exists whenever one surface is rolling over another but not sliding

53
Q

compare coefficient of rolling friction to kinetic and static

A

less than both

54
Q

what is pressure

A

the magnitude of applied force acting over a given area

55
Q

equation of pressure

A

= force/ area

56
Q

what are the units of measure for pressure

A

newtons/ meters ^2

57
Q

what is motive force

A

a force that tends to lead to a change in motion in the form of increased velocity or change in direction of the system

58
Q

what is resistive force

A

tends to prevent changes in motion by other external forces or decrease the velocity of a system that is already in motion

59
Q

what are examples of resultant forces

A

motive, resistive, centrifugal, centripital

60
Q

what is centripetal force

A

any force that causes a system to exhibit circular motion, center seeking

61
Q

what is centrifugal force

A

the force that is equal to and opposite the centripetal force, throws things to the outside to separate them

62
Q

applied forces can come in the form of

A

push or pull

63
Q

in musculoskeletal system, internally applied forces are often

A

pulls

64
Q

in musculoskeletal system, externally applied forces are

A

pulls and push

65
Q

what in the body, internal forces, resist deformation

A

ligaments

66
Q

what is stress

A

the external force acting to deform material

67
Q

what is the equation of stress

A

= force/ area

68
Q

what is stress’ unit of measurement

A

N/m^2

69
Q

stresses causes what in tissues

A

deformation

70
Q

what are the types of stress

A

compression, tension, shear, bending and torsion

71
Q

what is compression of stress

A

result of two forces being applied to the system in opposite directions toward to each other, push toward center from both sides

72
Q

what is tension stress

A

occurs when two forces are applied to a system in opposite directions away from each other

73
Q

what is shear stress

A

occurs due to application to two parallel forces that tend to simultaneously displace one part of a system in a direction opposite another part of the system

74
Q

what is bending

A

occurs when two off-axis forces are applied such that tension stress is caused on one side of the system and compression stress occurs on the other side

75
Q

what is torsion

A

cause by two forces being applied in such a way that part of the system is rotated arounds its longitudinal axis in a direction opposite rotation of another part of the system, shear and twisting at same time

76
Q

what is strain

A

the resulting magnitude of deformation as a result of the applied stress, the percentage change in length due to an applied stress

77
Q

strain and stress

A

strain is how much it changes from the stress applied

78
Q

what is the equation for strain

A

= change in length/ initial length

79
Q

strain is proportional to

A

stress

80
Q

what is elastic modulus

A

relationship of stress and strain for a given material and type of deformation

81
Q

what is the equation of elasticity

A

= stress/ strain

82
Q

what is the elastic region

A

the linear portion of any given stress/strain given, the material will return to its original shape if the tensile stress is removed within its range

83
Q

what is the yield point in elasticity

A

point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

84
Q

what is the plastic region of elasticity

A

non linear response of the material after the yield point, breaking point where tissue will fail, some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress

85
Q

what is the coefficient of restitution

A

parameter observed after reformation that indicates the ability of an object to return to its original shape after deformation

86
Q

what is the value of perfectly inelastic

A

0.00

87
Q

what is the value of perfectly elastic

A

1.00

88
Q

what are the two types of forces exerted by fluid on a system

A

force due to being submerged in fluid, force due to moving through a fluid

89
Q

what is buoyant force

A

the vertical, upward- directed force acting upon an object that is submerged in a fluid

90
Q

what are the two components in buoyant force

A

pascal’s law and pressure increases in large increments with relatively small changes in depth

91
Q

what is pascal’s law

A

pressure is same in all fluid, and when pressure changes in fluid it is transmitted throughout the fluid

92
Q

what is archimedes’ principle

A

a body submerged in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal in magnitude to the weight of the displaced water

93
Q

what is dynamic fluid force

A

acts upon a system that is moving through a fluid, system applies force to fluid particles which moves them along the outside of the system

94
Q

what is the law of attraction

A

every particles attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers

95
Q

example of non contact force

A

magnets, gravity, protons with electrons and neutrons

96
Q

example of contact force

A

tackle in football, ball to bat, foot to soccer ball

97
Q

what can change the motion of the system

A

external force

98
Q

what can change the shape of the system

A

internal forces

99
Q

what is an example of an action-reaction force

A

you push the ground and the ground pushes back

100
Q

what friction produces the greatest resistance to a change in motion

A

static friction

101
Q

what direction does the friction force act in relation to the applied force

A

opposite

102
Q

what is the relationship between the normal force and force of gravity

A

equal to each other but in opposite directions

103
Q

example of pressure

A

Wearing a high heel that decreases the surface area of the heel and can cause greater pressure on a surface such as a floor causing a mark or you can wear heels that are flat with more surface area causing less pressure to be applied from the heel to the floor

104
Q

strain is proportional to

A

stress

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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