test one Flashcards
basic structural unit of life; all have same basic architecture;
water based interior that is separated from a chemically distinct water based exterior by a cell membrane;
cells
water molecules clinging together; hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to stick to one another and surfaces making them wet
cohesion
water molecules cling to surfaces
adhesion
universale solvent
a substance in which other substances can dissolve
stacked membranous discs; packages and transports proteins
golgi apparatus
encloses the cell’s DNA; reaction for interpreting the genetic instructions takes place here; surrounded by the nuclear envelope;
Defining organelle for eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
cells powerhouse;
extract energy from food;
convert energy into a useful form;
found in almost all eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
network of membrane covered in pipes; proteins and lipids synthesized here; Rough ER and Smooth ER; "plumbing system" critical for the production of proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
Full of digestive enzymes;
Break down worn out parts or molecules;
“recycle”
Lysosomes
hypothesis can be_______ and _______
tested and proven false
network of protein fibers;
variety of functions including cell support, cell movement, and movement of structures within cells
cytoskeleton
plant and algae cells;
two membranes;
internal system of stacked membrane disc
chloroplast
free living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago forming eukaryotic organelles
Endosymbiosis theory
nucleotides are composed of what?
sugar, phosphate group, and a base
formed between two amino acids
peptide bond
all living things are made up of cells;
every new cell comes from the division of a pre-existing cell
cell theory
carbohydrates
energy storage
proteins
speed up chemical reactions
Lipids
insulation
nucleic acids
genetic info
5 functions of life
- grows
- reproduces
- ability to obtain and use energy
- homeostasis
- senses and responds to stimuli
comes from sunlight or food;
organisms use this to break down food
energy
sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in living things
metabolism
Anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
substances that can’t be chemically broken down; these are not alive, but sometimes combining them makes life
elements
smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of that element; have distinct chemical properties
Atom
dense core of an atom
nucleus
protons are _______
positive
electrons are ______
negative
Neutrons are ______
Neutral
the key component of the molecules of living organisms;
can form multiple covalent bonds;
can form in both organic and nonorganic molecules
carbon
3 most common elements in the human body
- oxygen 65%
- carbon 18.5%
- hydrogen 9.5%
atomic number
the # of protons
atomic mass
is the total # of protons and neutrons
all life we know of is_______
carbon based
Atoms are made up of ?
Positively charged protons
negatively charged electrons
neutral neutrons
Macromolecules are
large organic molecules composed of submits called monomers
molecules that have carbon and share electrons bound by covalent bonds
organic
molecules that are not covalently bound to other carbon or hydrogen atoms
Inorganic
monomers link together to form _____
polymer chains
four types of complex macromolecules that make up living things
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
made up of monosaccharides
carbohydrates
monosaccharide
a single molecule of sugar i.e. glucose
made up of amino acids
proteins
what do proteins do in your body?
they do work (energy)
also can be structural
made up of nucleotide monomers
nucleic acids
single celled eukaryotes
diatoms
prokaryotic cells
lack internal membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
many organelles
has a nucleus
- prevents many large molecules like glucose and hydrophilic charged substances like sodium ions from crossing
- allows small encouraged substances to cross via diffusion
cell membrane
natural tendency of dissolved substances to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
-no energy required
simple diffusion
large or hydrophilic molecules cross the membrane by assistance of
transport proteins
lower concentration to higher with the help of specific transport proteins and chemical energy to pump molecules against the gradient
active transport
higher concentration to lower without the input of energy and chemical energy to pump molecules against the grad
facilitated diffusion
sit in the membrane bilayer act as a channel carrier or pump
- provide passageways
- can move substances with or against concentration gradient
transport proteins
